Questions to Ponder Exam 3 Fall 2013 Eating Disorder 1 What are the three most common types of eating disorders and what are the characteristics of each What are the causes of each What are the dangers of each Causes societal pressures distorted body image media messages unrealistic ideals dieting perfectionism need for control family dynamics associated with depression anxiety sexual abuse a Anorexia Characteristic unaware of condition distorted body image lack of menstruation mood and behavior changes physical exhaustion Dangers slowing of growth development BMR declines due to loss of lean body mass bones weaken heart muscles weakened anemia slowing of GI function electrolyte imbalance death b Bulimia Nervosa negative self perception restrictive dieting binge eating purging repeat Characteristics more prevalent more men tend to be close to ideal body weight but with large weight fluctuation low self esteem aware of disorder periods of caloric restriction alternate with periods of binging and purging laxative abuse feelings of being out of control embarrassed depressed guilty Dangers impairs fluid and electrolyte balance can lead to abnormal heart rate irritation and infection of the pharynx esophagus salivary glands erosion of teeth tear or rupture of esophagus or stomach c Binge Eating Characteristics periods of restriction generally followed by periods of binging NO purging feelings of being out of control embarrassed depressed guilty responds more readily to treatment than other eating disorders Dangers 2 What can we do to treat and prevent eating disorders Treat professional help physician psychiatrist registered dietitian hospitalization antidepressants other drugs Prevent encourage positive eating physical behaviors discourage unhealthy dieting promote positive body image encourage family meals positive self talk healthy eating physical activity 3 What are eating disorders in athletes May restrict intake enhance performance appearance meet weight guidelines Risks young age pressure to excel in sports achieving ideal weight fat percentage emphasizes lean appearance unhealthy dieting at early age Women restrictive dieting over exercising weight loss lack of body fat Amenorrhea diminished hormones osteoporosis loss of calcium from bones Male muscle dysmorphia Pregnancy 1 Describe the concept of critical periods What are the three stages in the development of a human baby and how long does each last a Zygote 0 2 weeks rapid cell division b Embryo 2 8 Organ formation CRITICAL PERIOD central nervous system developing first each organ and tissue type grows with its own characteristic pattern timing c Fetus 8 40 rapid growth 2 What is normal gestational length 37 up to 40 weeks What is normal birth weight 5 6 to 9 9 lbs Organ development during embryonic development Central nervous system heart limbs eyes ears teeth palate external genitalia 3 What are the causes and outcomes of low birth weight Causes Born earlier than 36 weeks low maternal weight gain during pregnancy low maternal pregnancy weight maternal lifestyle alcohol smoking drugs Outcome infant death congenital malformations behavior and learning problems 4 What are the weight gain recommendations for pregnancy based upon Depending on weight before pregnancy normal underweight overweight obese based on BMI What is the recommend weight gain for pregnancy Normal 25 35 Underweight 28 40 Overweight 15 25 Obese 15 What is the pattern of weight gain during pregnancy 3 5 lbs in first trimester then 1 lb a week after that 5 What is spina bifida Congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube What does it result from 6 What is gestational diabetes Diabetes with first occurrence during pregnancy all women tested at 28 weeks raises risk of type 2 diabetes in later life managed with diet diabetes medication including insulin 7 For which nutrients are recommendations higher in pregnancy than in the non pregnant state Iron anemia can cause poor birth outcomes Folate neural tube defects Calcium inadequate intake will be taken from mother s bones Why are the needs for these nutrients elevated Need to support self and baby What are the nutrients of particular importance during pregnancy Lactation and Infant Feeding 1 For which nutrients are recommendations higher during lactations that in the non lactating state Energy protein vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin C Minerals Zn Mg Se not iron water Why are the needs for these nutrients increased 2 What other recommendations are given to lactating women Consume plenty of fluids decrease no consumption of cigarettes alcohol marijuana coffee plenty of rest don t restrict food intake to lose weight rapidly 3 What are oxytocin suckling stimulus for hypothalamus receives info then triggers posterior pituitary oxytocin induces muscles to contract gets milk to extract come out let down reflex milk already made but allows it to go to the baby to drink and prolactin hypothalamus recognizes sucking stimulus then triggers the anterior pituitary production of milk and how they act to regulate milk production and breast feeding 4 What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant To the mother Colostrum first milk thin yellowish immune protection antibodies factor to stimulate growth of healthy gut bacteria Mature milk nutritionally complete daily vitamin D supplement easily digested high bioavailability protective against infections decreased risk of food allergies more advantages emotional bonding convenience and cost reduced risk of developing breast cancer 5 When is solid food introduced to an infant Liquids 0 4 months immature kidneys immature gastrointestinal tract suckling reflex transitional 5 12 months liquid and semi solid foods kidneys and GI tract maturing mature suck and swallow reflex modified adult 1 10years increasing variety and texture GI tract mature feeds self Why is solid food offered at this time Start with fortified cereal introduce vegetables before fruits What is the first food offered to an infant In what order are other foods offered 6 Why are parents told to avoid given infants honey during the first year Clostridium botulinum bacteria can sometimes be found in honey Eggs allergy food Cow s milk more difficult to digest Growth and Maturation eyes and other tissues 1 Why are protein and EFAs important in children For growth proper development of nerves 2 What is a food jag Limiting food pallet child will only eat one food item meal after meal
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