Exam 2 Review Sheet Lipids 1 What are the functions of lipids in our bodies and in foods Natures way of condensing energy stores also insulates protects organs Source of calories 9 kcal gram Flavor and tenderness of food Slows stomach emptying more satiating Source of essential fatty acids 2 What are the three main types of lipids Tryglicerides phospholipids and sterols 3 How are lipids digested absorbed in the body How are they transported from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver What happens to them in the liver Depends on gastric lipase pancreatic lipase and bile acids for emulsification in digestion lipase breaks down triglycerides into three fatty acids and monoglycerides then in absorption the short chain fatty acids are absorbed through the portal vein monoglycerides and longer fatty acids get repacked as triglycerides for transport in lipoproteins chlyomicrons transport fats from intestine to the body and then enter lymphs and then the blood stream They are transported from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver through the portal vein In the liver the bile breaks down the fat so it can digested 4 What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in terms of chemical structure where they are found in our diet and their impact upon human health Saturated fatty acids carry the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and have no double bonds with carbon are found in our diet in fatty foods like cream fatty meats and cheese their impact on human health is they lead to cardiovascular disease and many types of cancers intake should be limited Unsaturated fatty acids are found to have less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms and there is at least one double carbon bond in our diet they are found in omega 3 6 and 9 fatty acids they come from fish grains certain oils and other things their impact on human health is they lower blood pressure prevent blood clots protect against heart disease give normal growth and development in children and supports the immune system 5 What is trans fat Where is trans fat found in the human diet Why are we advised to eat minimal trans fat Trans fat are fats with unusual shapes arise when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenated they are found in margarines shortenings and baked goods we are advised to eat them minimally because they increase LDL 6 What are the two essential fatty acids Where are they found in our diet Why is it important to have the proper balance of these two fatty acids in the diet Two essential fatty acids are omega 3 and omega 6 They are found in fatty fish flaxseeds grains certain oils and fats It is important to have a proper balance so an equal amount of enzymes can be present for processing otherwise they interfere with each other 7 What is the function of a lipoprotein List the three main types of human lipoproteins and describe the function of each A lipoprotein contains proteins and lipids and its job is to transport fats around the body in blood 1 VLDL s 2 LDL s and 3 HDL s Very Low Density Lipoproteins transports fats and lipids and cholesterols in the body Low Density Lipoproteins want them to be low because less healthy help in the formation of plaque in arteries be less than 100 High Density Lipoproteins want high scavengers of cholesterol and brings it back to the liver be greater than 35 8 What are the desirable values for total cholesterol HDL and LDL in our blood Desirable values for o HDL greater than 35 o LDL less than 100 o Cholesterol less than 200 Proteins 1 What the functions of proteins in the body How much protein does the average person need Build new tissue growth and replacement of body parts transport things in the body create hormones and energy create an acid dbase balance blood clotting and many others The average amount needed depends on size and stage of growth of the person 0 8 grams per kilogram of body weight minimum is 10 of total calories 2 What is an essential amino acid What are the nine essential amino acids An essential amino acid are things the body needs but can not produce on their own they copy and reproduce proteins Isoleucine Lysine Leucine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Histidine 3 What are marasmus and kwashiorkor What causes each What are the symptoms of each Marasmus chronic inadequate food intake not enough energy vitamins minerals or protein intake person is shriveled and lean all over Kwashiorkor severe acute malnutrition too little protein to support body funtions and have adema have a swollen belly and skin rash 4 Why might a vegetarian diet be healthier than that of a meat eater Which nutrients dietary components might a vegetarian get more of Which might they get less of They have less obesity defense against certain cancers less heart disease less high blood pressure and prevent other diseases like diabetes etc because these effects come from eating more fruits vegetables and whole grains as opposed to more meat A vegetarian might get more vitamin A vitamin C and fiber A vegetarian might get less vitamin B12 vitamin D omega 3 fatty acids 5 What is a vegan What is a lacto ovo vegetarian A vegan is someone that does not consume any products that come from animals A lacto ovo vegetarian is a person that does not consume any products that come from animals except for dairy and egg products Vitamins and Minerals 1 What is a vitamin What is a mineral A vitamin is an organic compound that contains carbon simple and complex non caloric essential and needed in small amounts A mineral is an inorganic compound that does not contain carbon may contain an electrical charge non caloric and essential 2 What two vitamins can the human body synthesize Vitamin D in the skin and Niacin 3 Compare and contrast fat soluble and water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins are A D E and K absorbed like dietary fat that require bile carried in blood using protein carriers can be stored in body fat and in liver have greater body stores than water soluble vitamins high likelihood of toxicity in A and D Water soluble vitamins are Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B 6 Folate Vitamin B 23 Biotin and Vitamin C have lower body stores than fat soluble vitamins excreted in urine and low likelihood of toxicity 4 What are the steps in the development of a nutrient deficiency At each step how would one determine that the nutrient deficiency is occurring 5 Which groups are particularly at risk for nutrient deficiencies Those that are growing and developing
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