Energy Balance and Obesity 1 What are the components of the energy balance equation Does the macronutrient breakdow n of the diet matter in terms of energy balance Why or why not Energy in energy out energy stores 2 What constitutes energy in and how is it measured What are some limitations to measuring energy in Energy in calories taken in each day measured using the exchange system computerized system 3 What are the three components of energy out and what percentage of overall energy expenditure is accounted for by each component Engergy out metabolism BMR and voluntary activites thermic effect of food Thermic effect of food the cost of digestion and absorption of food 5 7 of daily carloies released through heat BMR the cost of staying alive measured as soon as you wake up reflects differences in age sex and lean body mass 60 70 Physical activity can vary 35 75 or more 4 How is Basal Metabolic Rate calculated be able to calculate it What factors impact person s BMR Convert your weight to kg 2 2lb 1kg then multiply it by kcal kg hr for female its 9 for males its 1 then multiply by 24 hours Factors impact muscle mass testosterone vs estrogen BMR is derived from lean tissue cost of physical activity is higher when muscle mass is great 5 What is the BMI Be able to calculate it and be able to interpret the BMI in terms of weight stat us What doesn t the BMI measure Body mass index Lb x 703 ht 2 inches 18 9 underweight 24 9 normal 29 9 overweight 34 9 grade I 39 9 grade II 40 grade III Does not measure body composition or fat distribution 6 What are the health risks associated with obesity 300 000 people die each year Increases risk of heart disease diabetes stroke flat feet some cancer etc 7 What is the difference between fat free mass and fat mass We discussed several ways to det ermine body fat such as skinfold measurements BIA and underwater weighing How are each of these methods used to assess percent body fat Fat free mass is muscle mass Normal between 12 20 body fat for men women 20 30 BIA resistance encountered by an electrical charge as it goes through the body is related to the total fat mass in the body because fat free mass is higher in water and will conduct electricity Skinfold test measurement of the thickness of a fold of skin Underwater test a measure of density and volume 8 What is the gynoid body shape What is the android body shape Which of these is more dan gerous in terms of cardiovascular risk They are both waist circumference Android is upper body fat and gynoid is lower body fat Android is more dangerous 9 What are the environmental causes of obesity Inactivity caloric beverage intake and portion sizes 10 What are the three components of a successful weight loss program Provide details on the dietary recommendations for weight loss How much of a calorie deficit must one create to lose a pound of body fat Diet modification High carb foods that are nutrient dense do not skip meals keep food records Physical activity Chose an active exercise large not muscle groups time not speed and exercise daily Behavior modification Eliminate or suppress inappropriate eating cues strengthen appropriate eating cues repeated desired behaviors reward positive behaviors withhold rewards for inappropriate behaviors Cut 500 calories to lose a pound a day 11 What are some components of fad diets Promises a quick fix claims sound too good to be true recommendations based on a single study advice given to help sell a product 12 What are the risks benefits of alternative treatments for obesity such as drugs surgery and v ery low calorie diets Surgery cannot always be safe and you need to really change your lifestyle after you get surgery or it wont work Drugs can be dangerous and make you gain weight when you get off of them Very low calorie diets are safe if they are high in protein but may not provide you with the right amount of nutrients Eating Disorders 1 What are the three most common types of eating disorders and what are the characteristics of each Anorexia nervosa a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight self starvation to the extreme and a disturbed perception of body weight and shape Bulimia nervosa recurring episodes of binge eating combined with a morbid fear of becoming fat usually followed by self induced vomiting or purging Binge eating disorder criteria is similar to bulimia excluding purging or other compensatory behaviors 2 What are the causes of each Sociocultural psychological hereditary and probably neuro chemical excessive pressure from society to be thnk No one knows for certain what causes anorexia nervosa 3 What are the dangers of each Anorexia protein energy malnutrition internal organs suffer such as the heart pumping inefficiently and irregularly blood pressure falls iron diminishes and anemia ensures which makes the heart struggle to pump oxygen bones get weak heart failure kidney failure neurological and digestive consequences brain functions wrong diarrhea which worsens malnutrition occurs dry skin low body temperature and the development of fine body hair one of the highest mortality rates among disorders 1000 die each year of usually a heart disorder or suicide Bulimia fluid and electrolyte imbalances leading to abnormal heart rhythms which can cause death by heart failure infection and irritation of the pharynx esophagus salivary glands erosion of the teeth dental caries tearing of esophagus or stomach Pregnancy Lactation and Infant Feeding 1 Describe the concept of critical periods What are the three stages in the development of a hu man baby and how long does each last Critical periods are 2 8 weeks where each tissue and organ develops within its own pattern and timing If the development of an organ is limited during a critical period recovery is imposible Stage 1 ferm and egg unite and implant 2 weeks zygot Stage 2 stage of embryonic development 6 weeks embryo Stage 3 stage of fetal development 30 weeks fetus most of organs are formed everything is growing and developing 2 What is normal gestational length What is normal birth weight 37 40 weeks and 5 6 9 9 lbs 3 What are the causes and outcomes of low birth weight Low birth weight can be due to low maternal weight gain during pregnancy low maternal weight and maternal lifestyle factors like alcohol smoking and cocaine Outcomes are infant death congenital malformations behavior learning problems 4 What are the weight gain recommendations for pregnancy based upon What is the recommend
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