Bio study guide II CHAPTERS 28 6 31 1 35 and 40 1 1 Be able to explain that Fungal bodies are composed of hyphae of similar cells and that fungal growth occurs largely without development a Fungi are heterotrophs and therefore cannot obtain their nutrients by ingesting it i They get their nutrients from the surrounding environment by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings that break down complex molecules into simpler ones that can be absorbed by the fungi and be put to use b Their body structure also increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption i Two types of body structures 1 Multicellular filaments MUCH MORE COMMON 2 Single cells i e yeasts RARE ii The multicellular filament body structures typically contain a bunch of tiny filaments called hyphae 1 Hyphae consist of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells a Hyphae form an interwoven mass called mycelium that passes through the material on which the fungus feeds i The structure of mycelium maximizes the surface area to volume ratio therefore making feeding more efficient 2 The fungal cell walls are strengthened by chitin a strong nitrogen filled polysaccharide iii Fungal growth occurs largely without any development because of their undifferentiated tissues called meristems 1 Fungi can just add new cells to themselves to grow and don t necessarily have a developmental path 2 Be able to explain that slime molds have a unique developmental pattern i Slime molds have a unique developmental pattern because they can become different shapes and sizes at several points throughout the process of development 3 Know that plant bodies are divided into roots and shoots a The three major plant organs roots stems and leaves help to make gathering nutrients more efficient i They form a root system and a shoot ii ROOTS system 1 Root system downward growth this system helps anchor a plant an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil a Root absorbs minerals and water and often stores carbohydrates the things attached to the very tips of i Root hairs roots that greatly increase their surface area and help with nutrient absorption b Have a taproot system which is one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots aka branch roots c Stem brings up the nutrients due to adhesion properties d Meristems they add new cells to help growth and they are an organ that raises or separates leaves reproductive structures exposing them to sunlight located in stems and roots where their contributions to growth occur shoots they provide cells that enable growth in length contributing to PRIMARY GROWTH i Apical meristems are in the axillary buds of the 1 Axillary bud 2 Primary growth a structure that can form a lateral shoot commonly called a branch throughout the soil and for shoots to be exposed to light primary purpose to grow a plant body via adding cells allows for roots to extend ii SECONDARY GROWTH lateral meristems called vascular and cork cambium that extend along the length of the roots and stem 1 Vascular cambium xylem and phloem 2 Cork cambium thicker cells replaces the epidermis with add layers of cells to LEAVES o The main photosynthetic organ in vascular plants o They vary extensively in form but contain general shared properties o Guard cells stomata where reactions occur like taking in carbon dioxide control what goes into and out of the cell and they help with temperature settings ie if it s too hot or too cold amount of water present these all affect the timing of when the stomata open up 4 Be able to explain the basic difference in development between plants an ongoing process that is indeterminate and modular and most animals a One major difference btwn plants and animals is that plant growth is not limited to an embryonic or juvenile period Instead growth occurs throughout the plants life a process known as indeterminate growth b Contrastly most animals and some plant organs undergo determinate growth meaning that they stop growing after reaching a certain size 5 Be able to explain that meristems are activating sites of cell division and that growth and development occur in cells adjacent to meristems a Meristem perpetually undifferentiated tissues that divide when conditions permit leading to new cells that can elongate DURING EACH GROWING SEASON PRIMARY GROWTH EXTENDS THE SHOOTS LENGTHENS ROOTS AND SHOOTS AND SECONDARY GROWTH THICKENS THE PARTS THAT FORMED IN PREVIOUS YEARS INCREASES THE DIAMETER OF STEMS AND ROOTS IN WOODY PLANTS 6 Be able to explain that animals have complex bodies that are hierarchically organized with numerous organ systems a Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization i Animal size and shape has gone through millions of years of evolution to become what it is today diverse b Hierarchal organization of body plans i Cells are formed into tissues groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function different types of tissues are organized into organs groups of organs working together are organized into organ systems ii Looking at an animal s hierarchy reveals the multilayered basis of specialization taking a look at an animal s organ systems can also reveal that some organs are involved in several other organ systems due to a limited set of cells and tissues that they re made up of iii There are four main types of animal tissues epithelial connective muscle and nervous SEE FIGURE 40 5 ON PAGES 902 904 Understand that development is important because it is the process responsible for the diversity of life Understand that development is important because it explains how cell form and function are controlled Understand that cell division pattern and cell position can affect cell form and function
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