HARD MASTERING BIOLOGY QUESTIONS 1 As N approaches K for a certain population which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation The population will increase exponentially The growth rate will approach zero The carrying capacity of the environment will increase The population will show an Allee effect The growth rate will not change 2 Consider two forests one is an undisturbed old growth forest while the other has recently been logged In which forest are species likely to experience exponential growth and why Old growth because of stable conditions that would favor exponential growth of all species in the forest Logged because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow Logged because the various populations are stimulated to a higher reproductive potential Old growth because each of the species is well established and can produce many offspring Exponential growth is equally probable in old growth and logged forests 3 Natural selection involves energetic trade offs between producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode with a corresponding decrease in parental care 4 Which of the following is most key to understanding the demographic transition in human population growth voluntary reduction of family size improved worldwide health care reduction of casualties of war education of global famine improved sanitary conditions in the world s hospitals 5 Researchers in the Netherlands studied the effects of parental care given in European kestrels over five years The researchers transferred chicks among nests to produce reduced broods three or four chicks normal broods five or six chicks and enlarged broods seven or eight chicks They then measured the percentage of male and female parent birds that survived the following winter Both males and females provide care for chicks The figure Brood size manipulations in the kestrel Effects on offspring and parent survival Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from this graph Chicks in reduced brood treatment received more food weight gain and reduced mortality There appears to be a negative correlation between brood enlargements and parental survival Male survivability decreased by 50 between reduced and enlarged brood treatments Both males and females had increases in daily hunting with the enlarged brood size Female survivability is more negatively affected by larger brood size than is male survivability 6 In a tide pool 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed The species removed was likely a n pathogen keystone species mutualistic organism resource partitioner herbivore 7 Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity Habitats are opened up for less competitive species Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance The environmental conditions become optimal The resulting uniform habitat supports stability which in turn supports diversity Less competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species 8 There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator This is probably a result of more frequent ecological disturbances fewer predators more intense annual solar radiation more frequent ecological disturbances and fewer agents of disease fewer predators more intense annual solar radiation fewer agents of disease 9 Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession A mouse eats seeds and an owl eats the mouse Overgrazing causes a nutrient loss from soil Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use Grass grows on a sand dune is replaced by shrubs and then by trees Introduced pheasants increase and native quail populations disappear 10 Which of the following statements is true about chemical nutrients in an ecosystem They depend on sunlight as their source They cannot be obtained from decomposition They recycle within the ecosystem being constantly reused They exit the ecosystem in the form of heat They flow through the system losing some nutrients in the process 11 Select the most accurate statement about the interaction between a tree and its physical environment A tree and its physical environment alter each other A tree is affected by its physical environment A tree alters its physical environment 12 Which of the following statements is most clearly inductively derived An elephant is warm blooded because it is a mammal A paramecium moves by means of the rhythmic motion of its cilia If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients Because worms lack bones they are classified as invertebrates If all flying animals are birds then it can be concluded that bats are birds 13 Which example illustrates a property that emerges at the community level Nitrogen cycling is the process by which nitrogen from the atmosphere and decomposed organic material are converted by soil bacteria to compounds that can be assimilated by plants Photosynthesis takes place only when pigment molecules are arranged in a specific way in an intact chloroplast Metabolic cooperation between prokaryotic cells forms a biofilm that allows bacterial colonies to transport nutrients and wastes Biofilms may damage industrial equipment or cause tooth decay 14 Systems biology is mainly an attempt to understand the behavior of entire biological systems speed up the technological application of scientificknowledge build high throughput machines for the rapid acquisition of biological data analyze genomes from different species simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller less complex units 15 At which point is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning during the formulation of a hypothesis during initial observation s in rephrasing an alternative hypothesis in establishing a test of a hypothesis after the careful analysis of both the qualitative and the
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