NFSC100 Study Guide 2 Questions To Ponder Part 2 Proteins and Amino Acids What do proteins do Build tissue growth or replacements of parts enzymes hormones antibodies fluid electrolyte balance acid base balance energy transportation blood clotting structural components How much do we need DRI recommendation is dependent on size and stage of growth DRI recommendation of 8 grams per kg of body weight Minimum is 10 of total calories Athletes may need slightly more 1 gram per kg Classification of amino acids Essential 9 histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylaline threonine tryptophan and valine Nonessential 11 Protein Denaturation Heat acid alcohol base salts Vitamins Organic compounds contain carbon many different structures form simple to complex Non caloric Essential lack of vitamins leads to deficiency syndromes can not be synthesized in the body with exceptions Needed in small amounts Classification Fat soluble Vitamins A D E and K Absorbed like dietary fat requires bile Carried in the blood using protein carriers Can be stored in body fat mainly liver Generally have greater body stores then water soluble High likelihood of toxicity Water soluble Thiamin riboflavin niacin pantothenic Acid B6 C Generally have lower body stores then fat soluble vitamins Usually excreted in urine Low in toxicity Vitamin A Functions Toxicity Eyesight gene regulation cell differentiation immune function growth of bone and teeth From fortified foods Concern of pregnant women children and adolescents From Accutane Beta Carotene Antioxidants Vitamin A precursor found in plants water soluble low in toxicity found in bright orange fruits and vegetables and leafy greens Many carotenoids but beta carotene is the most abundant Prevents free radicals from causing damage to body structures such as cell membranes and DNA Vitamin C E zinc selenium copper and phytochemicals Free Radical Damage Molecules often oxygen with unpaired electrons that cause damage to the body s structures Sources mitochondria immune system pollutants cigarette smoke Cell membranes and lipids causing cells lysis Inactivation and degradation of proteins and enzymes Damage to DNA Chain rxn road block antioxidants Diseases associated heart cancer aging cataracts Fortified milk carrots beef liver sweet potatoes apricots Regulated blood calcium and phosphorus levels Helps to maintain bone integrity Stimulates maturation of cells including immune cells Acts on genes affecting how cells grow and multiply diseases cancer multiple sclerosis Highly toxic Sources Vitamin D Functions Deficiency Rickets Poor bone mineralization Body weight causes legs to bow Sources Vitamin E Functions Protects cell membranes Fortified milk salmon shrimp liver SUNLIGHT Regulates oxidation reactions Antioxidant lungs RBC immune cells brain cells Canola oil safflower oil mayonnaise wheat germ sunflower seeds Sources Vitamin K Functions Synthesis of blood clotting Synthesis of proteins important to bone mineralization Made by intestinal bacteria Newborns given a dose of VK at birth Antibiotic overdose can lead to VK deficiency Sources Cabbage spinach soybeans canola oil salad greens Vitamin C Functions Sources Folic Acid Folate Functions Sources Functions Functions B6 B12 Thiamin Functions Sources Niacin Functions Assists in enzyme involved in the formation and maintenance of collagen wound healing acts as an antioxidant especially protecting the immune system cells from free radical generation smokers should take more to counter act free radicals Sweet potatoes strawberries broccoli brussel sprouts Part of a coenzyme needed for new cell synthesis Asparagus avocado beets legumes seeds Helps the body use AA to synthesize non essential AA Plays a role in synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmitters Involved in cell division synthesis of DNA Helps to maintain nerve cells Sources Chicken liver sirloin steak tuna Swiss cheese Coenzyme in energy production pathways Supports normal appetite and nervous system functions Green peas waffles black beans baked potatoes Sources Riboflavin Functions Sources Coenzyme in energy production pathways Chicken breast tuna pork chop mushrooms Coenzyme in energy production pathways Supports normal vision and skin health Milk yogurt mushrooms spinach beef liver
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