Final BIO 101 Exam Study Guide 9 12 13 15 17 Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 1 Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Fermentation What is Oxidation and Reduction What are Oxidizing and Reducing agents in any reaction 2 Coenzymes NADH and FADH2 what are oxidized states of these coenzyme 3 Respiration in detail you must know all that is on power point a Glycolysis start and end products b Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA a in the presence of O2 pyruvate enters the mitochondrion Before the citric acid cycle can begin pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA which links the cycle to glycolysis c Citric acid cycle d Oxidative phosphorylation ETC and Chemiosmosis Cellular respiration has three stages 1 Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate occurs in Cytoplasm Glycolysis can take place both in presence and absence of Oxygen 2 The citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of glucose only in presence of oxygen occurs in mitochondrial matrix 3 Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for most of the ATP synthesis occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane The process that generates most of the ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation because it is powered by redox reactions Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90 of the ATP generated by cellular respiration A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substratelevel phosphorylation 4 Fermentation Alcohol lactic acid as end product and what are obligate anaerobe facultative anaerobe Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Mitosis Chromatin uncondensed DNA which is found in nucleus and anaphase and when it goes to mitosis it condenses into chromosomes called chromatids 1 Cell Division 2 kinds Mitosis produces Somatic cells Diploid Identical Meiosis produces Gametes Sperm egg also know as reproductive cells Haploid non identical 2 Know all of the following terms Chromatin Chromosomes Homologous Chromosomes Sister Chromatids Centrosome Centromere Spindle fibers Kinetochore Inside centromere where spindle fibers attach it is the kinetochore Spindle fibers come from centrosomes 3 Eukaryotic Cell cycle M phase Interphase M phase or Mitotic phase or cell division phase Mitosis Cytokienesis Interphase or cell growth and chromosome copying phase G1 S G2 Mitosis 1 Prophase 2 Prometaphase 3 Metaphase 4 Anaphase 5 Telophase PPMAT Cytokenesis Is the Division of cytoplasm Cleavage in animal cell and Cell plate in Plant cell 4 Binary fission Origin of replication Cell cycle control system cell clock what happens when cell in different stages are fused together slide 18 5 G1 and G2 Checkpoint of cell cycle control systems what s G0 6 MPF Cyclin CDk MPF triggers cell into past G2 into M 7 Internal and external signals at checkpoints lead to either a go ahead or stop signal Internal signals kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules External signals 3 kinds 1 Growth factor PDGF 2 Anchorage dependence 3 Density dependent inhibition 8 How do cancer cells behave differently than normal Cell in case of Internal and external signals What is Transformation Benign tumor Malignant tumor Metastasis Cancer cells are different than normal cells because they do not exhibit density dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence They do not respond normally to the body s control mechanisms They do not need growth factors to grow and divide because they may make their own growth factor they may convey a growth factors signal without the presence f the growth factor and they may have an abnormal cell cycle control system Normal cells are converted to a cancerous cell by a transformation They form tumors which are masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue and if those abnormal cells remain at the original site the lump is called a benign tumor Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize which means the cancerous cells export to other parts of the body where they may form secondary tumors Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 1 Sexual and Asexual reproduction Karyotype Autososmes Sex chromosomes 2 Meiosis Mitosis fertilization which two of these 3 alternate the chromosome number in sexual life cycle 3 Homologous chromosomes Maternal and paternal Sister Chromatids Nonsister chromatids 4 Meiosis Meiosis I Meiosis II what is the outcome result of each one slide 11 a Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and cytokenisis PMAT b Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and cytokenisis PMAT 5 Synapsis leading to Crossing over happens in Prophase 6 Sexual reproduction occurs by three mechanisms a Independent assortment of chromosomes b Crossing over c Random fertilization Chapter 15 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 1 Chromosome theory of inheritance Locus loci Wild type Mutant 2 XX XY chromosomes Sex linked genes recessive sex linked trait for males and females 3 Barr body Linked genes Parental types genetic recombination recombinants crossing over 4 Alteration of Chromosome number a Non disjunction Aneuploidy Monosomic Trisomic Monosomy in females with only one X results in Turner s syndrome Trisomy with Chromosome 21 results in Down Syndrome Trisomy in male with X chromosome results in Klinfelter s syndrome b Polyploidy Triploidy and Tetraploidy 5 Alteration of Chromosome structure by Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein 1 Central dogma of Molecular Biology DNA mRNA Protein is a 2 step process 1st step know as Transcription and 2nd as Translation 2 What are 2 differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation Hint location and RNA processing 3 What is a Codon triplet nucleotide bases of mRNA its role bringing in AA that is attached to one end of tRNA molecule during Translation when after this codon on mRNA finds its complement Anicodon on the other end of tRNA molecule 4 Point to note there are 20 different A A 61 codons that code for one of these 20A A Hence there is a redundancy where few different codons code for same amino acid but at the same time no codon would ever code for more than 1 AA 5 What is the direction in which codons or mRNA segments will be read in Ribosomes to make proteins what is a Start and Stop codon Know all 4 of them 6 What are 3 stages of Transcription What is the enzyme involves in Transcription same for prokaryotes and eukaryotes 7 What are 2 steps in eukaryotic RNA processing 1st Cap and tail 2nd Splicing Introns SI What is the significance of each of these 2 steps in getting this