STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1 FALL 2014 Chapter 1 unifying themes 6 usually one question often short answer on cell theory two parts what are the 2 parts All living things made of cells and all cells come from other cells sometimes a multiple choice question on one of the other unifying themes structure Chapter 2 Chemistry handout Know about atomic number and atomic mass what it means and how it is symbolize 4 element the basics C N H O goes to left of number atomic number of protons and the atomic mass protons plus neutrons so weight is the bigger number and mass minus protons electrons given this info be able to determine of protons neutrons electrons Knowing the electrons should enable you to know the VALENCE number of electrons needed to fill the outermost shell number of covalent bonds the element must form to be stable The closest shell holds 2 electrons Valence is an important concept and there will be a least a couple of questions that require that you understand this concept because the chemical behavior of atoms depends on the number of bonds it needs to form you should also know the valence of the 4 major elements in living things H O N C Chemical bonds STRONG BONDS covalent and ionic what is the difference What is a covalent bond What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds and how does it affect the behavior of the molecules formed Covalent bond sharing a number of electrons Ionic bond doesn t share one atom loses an electron and the other atom gains an electron one is negative and one will be positive and opposites attract Polar is a little bit negatively charged on one end and a little positive on the other end Nonpolar covalent bond they share electrons equally forms neutral molecules Polar likes other polar things because they attract and nonpolar only with nonpolar doesn t like to be around polar because of the charge difference 2 atoms that are exactly the same but share electrons are nonpolar because share equally 2 atoms are different and one may be hydrogen and one oxygen or nitrogen then it will be polar because the electrons are not shared equally Hydrocarbon nonpolar covalent bond WEAK BONDS hydrogen and hydrophobic discussion question What is a hydrogen bond A weak charge attracted to a positively charged atom and a negatively charged atom Use water as an example to show a hydrogen bond Draw a picture use an arrow to show the position of the hydrogen bond polarity is an important concept because it affects the behavior of molecules there will be questions that require you to know about polarity and how it affects the behavior of molecules what does the term electronegativity mean Ability to attract electrons Chapter 3 Water handout what are the unique characteristics of water and examples of the importance of these characteristics in living systems Water has a high specific heat you heat up water but doesn t change temperature easily Water floats because of hydrogen bonding ice Living things are solutions because dissolved in water All living thing are made up of water what is it about water that causes most of its unusual properties All caused by hydrogen bonding of water molecules they re attracted because they re polar the above two concepts will probably be asked as multiple choice or short answer listing properties of water solutions Molarity and pH like the homework problems terms mole and molar know the definitions and be able to apply to simple problems know how to make a solution of a given Molarity know how to figure out the number of molecules in a solution of given Molarity know the mathematical definition of pH be able to determine pH given either the H or the OH understand that one unit change in pH is a 10 fold change in H Chapter 4 Carbon notes given in class one handout functional groups know some reasons why it is the element of life Carbon is small forms 4 bonds valance is 4 put together a lot of different ways double bonds between carbons forms strong covalent bond really good transport form terms organic hydrocarbon possible question what is a hydrocarbon and why are these molecules nonpolar Organic carbon based Hydrocarbon molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon these are nonpolar molecules and this is because the bonds are nonpolar and this is because the electronegativity of carbon is about the same as hydrogen know three different kinds of isomers be able to tell the difference Structural Same number of atoms same atoms but different structure Geometric Same atoms and same number of atoms and same number of covalent bonds but they are arranged in space differently Optical Same atoms and number of atoms but arranged in space so that they are mirror images of each other anytime you have a carbon that is asymmetric carbon backbones what are different options to give diversity in the structure of molecules The addition of functional groups to the back bone creates diversity FUNCTIONAL groups there are SIX know each by NAME be able to DRAW THEIR STRUCTURE including how they are attached to the carbon backbone except phosphate know the CHARACTERISTICS CONFERRED by the group handout Chapter 5 Macromolecules Know the FOUR CLASSES of macromolecule 20 point question on exam will be the macromolecule quiz don t draw it just have to recognize the molecule group and know the name of the 2 monomer and draw circle around them and know the bond and draw arrow pointing to it Know the NAMES of the MONOMERS for each Know the NAMES of the BONDS that connect the monomers for each Know some functions for the molecules of each Be able to recognize each class of macromolecule circle a monomer use an arrow to point to the bond connecting monomers 20 pts on the first exam will be devoted to macromolecules 5 pts for each class I will draw a molecule of each class of macromolecules and I will ask you to recognize what class it belongs to name the monomer and draw a circle around the monomer name the bond that connects the monomers and use an arrow to point to the bond THIS WILL BE ON THE EXAM FOR SURE PRACTICE DOING THIS terms dehydration synthesis hydrolysis monomer polymer notes in class Dehydration Synthesis 2 monomers that are separate from each other and you remove water Hydrolysis break the bond and put the hydrogen from one monomer and the hydroxyl from the other given two monomers of any group be able to show how they would be connected by dehydration synthesis Know the FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE there will be several questions