STUDY GUIDE EXAM #1 FALL 2014Chapter 1: unifying themes (6), usually one question, often short answer on cell theory (two parts)* what are the 2 parts? All living things made of cells and all cells come from other cells*; sometimes a multiple choice question on one of the other unifying themes, structure…Chapter 2. Chemistry (handout)**Know about atomic number and atomic mass – what it means and how it is symbolize ( 4 element, the basics C N H O, goes to left of number, atomic number of protons and the atomic mass protons plus neutrons so weight is the bigger number and mass minus protons= electrons; given this info, be able to determine # of protons, # neutrons, #electrons **Knowing the #electrons should enable you to know the **VALENCE** (number of electrons needed to fill the outermost shell=number of covalent bonds the element must form to be stable) The closest shell holds 2 electrons**Valence is an important concept and there will be a least a couple of questions that require thatyou understand this concept – because the chemical behavior of atoms depends on the number ofbonds it needs to form; you should also know the valence of the 4 major elements in living things (H, O, N, C)**Chemical bonds: STRONG BONDS (covalent and ionic – what is the difference?) What is a covalent bond? What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds and how does it affect the behavior of the molecules formed? Covalent bond- sharing a number of electrons Ionic bond- doesn’t share one atom loses an electron and the other atom gains an electron one is negative and one will be positive and opposites attract. Polar is a little bit negatively charged on one end and a little positive on the other end. Nonpolar covalent bond theyshare electrons equally forms neutral molecules. Polar likes other polar things because they attract and nonpolar only with nonpolar doesn’t like to be around polar because of the charge difference. 2 atoms that are exactly the same but share electrons are nonpolar because share equally. 2 atoms are different and one may be hydrogen and one oxygen or nitrogen then it will be polar because the electrons are not shared equally.Hydrocarbon- nonpolar covalent bond**WEAK BONDS (hydrogen and hydrophobic)**discussion question: What is a hydrogen bond?A weak charge attracted to a positively charged atom and a negatively charged atom. Use water as an example to show a hydrogen bond. Draw a picture - use an arrow to show the position of the hydrogen bond. **polarity is an important concept because it affects the behavior of molecules – there will be questions that require you to know about polarity and how it affects the behavior of molecules*what does the term electronegativity mean? Ability to attract electronsChapter 3. Water (handout)**what are the unique characteristics of water and examples of the importance of these characteristics in living systems Water has a high specific heat; you heat up water but doesn’t change temperature easily. Water floats because of hydrogen bonding (ice). Living things are solutions because dissolved in water. All living thing are made up of water.**what is it about water that causes most of its unusual properties? All caused by hydrogen bonding of water molecules they’re attracted because they’re polar.**the above two concepts will probably be asked as multiple choice or short answer/listing**properties of water solutions Molarity and pH (like the homework problems)*terms: mole and molar, know the definitions and be able to apply to simple problems*know how to make a solution of a given Molarity; know how to figure out the number of molecules in a solution of given Molarity*know the mathematical definition of pH; be able to determine pH given either the [H+] or the [OH-]*understand that one unit change in pH is a 10-fold change in [H+]Chapter 4. Carbon (notes given in class, one handout: “functional groups”**know some reasons why it is the element of lifeCarbon is small, forms 4 bonds valance is 4, put together a lot of different ways, double bonds between carbons, forms strong covalent bond, really good transport form.**terms: organic, hydrocarbon (possible question: what is a hydrocarbon and why are these molecules nonpolar?) Organic- carbon based Hydrocarbon- molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon these are nonpolar molecules and this is because the bonds are nonpolar and this is because the electronegativity of carbon is about the same as hydrogen**know three different kinds of isomers: be able to tell the differenceStructural: Same number of atoms, same atoms but different structureGeometric: Same atoms and same number of atoms and same number of covalent bonds but theyare arranged in space differentlyOptical: Same atoms and number of atoms but arranged in space so that they are mirror images of each other (anytime you have a carbon that is asymmetric)**carbon backbones: what are different options to give diversity in the structure of molecules?The addition of functional groups to the back bone creates diversity**FUNCTIONAL groups: there are SIX: know each by NAME, be able to DRAW THEIR STRUCTURE, including how they are attached to the carbon backbone (except phosphate), know the CHARACTERISTICS CONFERRED by the group (handout)Chapter 5. Macromolecules **Know the FOUR CLASSES of macromolecule(20 point question on exam will be the macromolecule quiz, don’t draw it just have to recognize the molecule group and know the name of the 2 monomer and draw circle around them and know the bond and draw arrow pointing to it)**Know the NAMES of the MONOMERS for each**Know the NAMES of the BONDS that connect the monomers for each**Know some functions for the molecules of each **Be able to recognize each class of macromolecule (circle a monomer, use an arrow to point to the bond connecting monomers)*****20 pts on the first exam will be devoted to macromolecules (5 pts for each class). I will draw a molecule of each class of macromolecules and I will ask you to recognize what class it belongs to, name the monomer (and draw a circle around the monomer), name the bond that connects the monomers (and use an arrow to point to the bond). THIS WILL BEON THE EXAM FOR SURE. PRACTICE DOING THIS.*********terms: dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, monomer, polymer (notes in class)Dehydration Synthesis: 2 monomers that are separate from each other and you remove water, Hydrolysis: break the bond and put the