Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of LifeChapter 22 details the history of evolutionary thought, presents the conceptual background of the evolutionary mechanisms proposed by Lamarck and Darwin, and introduces students to the major lines of evidence supporting the theory of evolution. Questions concerning history are mostly concentrated at the lower levels of Bloom’s taxonomy, whereas those concerning the conceptual background and evidence for evolution involve higher levels of Bloom’s taxonomy. A set of three scenario-based questions concerning Darwin’s finches is new to this edition.Multiple-Choice Questions1) Which of the following statements best describes theories?A) They are nearly the same things as hypotheses.B) They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations.C) They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once.D) They are predictions of future events.Answer: BTopic: Concept 22.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension2) Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence ofA) evolution.B) the fossil record.C) uniformitarianism.D) the origin of new species.E) natural selection.Answer: BTopic: Concept 22.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension3) With what other idea of his time was Cuvier's theory of catastrophism most in conflict?A) gradualismB) the fixity of speciesC) island biogeographyD) uniformitarianismE) the scala naturaeAnswer: DTopic: Concept 22.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension1Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.4) What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.B) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change.C) Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change.D) Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.E) Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change.Answer: ATopic: Concept 22.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension5) During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched itsneck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?A) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.B) Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.C) Only favorable adaptations have survival value.D) Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.E) If the giraffes did not have to compete with each other, longer necks would not have been passed on to the next generation.Answer: ATopic: Concept 22.1Skill: Application/Analysis6) Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in thevicinity of Paris?A) extinction of species yes; evolution of new species yesB) extinction of species no; evolution of new species yesC) extinction of species yes; evolution of new species noD) extinction of species no; evolution of new species yesAnswer: CTopic: Concept 22.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension7) In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas ofA) Cuvier.B) Hutton.C) Lamarck.D) Darwin.E) Lyell.Answer: CTopic: Concept 22.1Skill: Application/Analysis2Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.8) Charles Darwin was the first person to proposeA) that evolution occurs.B) a mechanism for how evolution occurs.C) that Earth is older than a few thousand years.D) a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.E) that population growth can outpace the growth of food resources.Answer: DTopic: Concept 22.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension9) Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time?A) All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors.B) The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate.C) The population size is large.D) The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present.Answer: ATopic: Concept 22.2Skill: Application/Analysis10) Natural selection is based on all of the following exceptA) genetic variation exists within populations.B) the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.C) individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young.D) populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.E) individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.Answer: ETopic: Concept 22.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension11) Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?A) Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable future.B) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.C) Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals.D) The environment is responsible for natural selection.E) Earth is more than 10,000 years old.Answer: BTopic: Concept 22.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension3Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.12) Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection?1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals.2. A change occurs in the environment.3. Genetic frequencies within the population change.4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.A) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3B) 4 → 2 → 1 → 3C) 4 → 1 → 2 → 3D) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1E) 2 → 4 → 3 → 1Answer: ATopic: Concept 22.2Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation13) A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of both competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which