Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)Chapter 21 Genomes and Their EvolutionAlthough the major overhaul of this chapter occurred during the 8th edition, questions have been added for every concept in this new edition. The new questions test on a variety of levels, from basic knowledge and understanding to synthesis, and some present images from the textbook that require interpretation.Multiple-Choice Questions1) For mapping studies of genomes, most of which were far along before 2000, the three-stage method was often used. Which of the following is the usual order in which the stages were performed, assuming some overlap of the three?A) genetic map, sequencing of fragments, physical mapB) linkage map, physical map, sequencing of fragmentsC) sequencing of entire genome, physical map, genetic mapD) cytogenetic linkage, sequencing, physical mapE) physical map, linkage map, sequencingAnswer: BTopic: Concept 21.1Skill: Application/Analysis2) What is the difference between a linkage map and a physical map?A) For a linkage map, markers are spaced by recombination frequency, whereas for a physical map they are spaced by numbers of base pairs (bp).B) For a physical map, the ATCG order and sequence must be achieved; however, it does not for the linkage map.C) For a linkage map, it is shown how each gene is linked to every other gene.D) For a physical map, the distances must be calculable in units such as nanometers.E) There is no difference between the two except in the type of pictorial representation.Answer: ATopic: Concept 21.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension3) How is a physical map of the genome of an organism achieved?A) using recombination frequencyB) using very high-powered microscopyC) using restriction enzyme cutting sitesD) using sequencing of nucleotidesE) using DNA fingerprinting via electrophoresisAnswer: CTopic: Concept 21.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension1Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.4) Which of the following most correctly describes a shotgun technique for sequencing a genome?A) genetic mapping followed immediately by sequencingB) physical mapping followed immediately by sequencingC) cloning large genome fragments into very large vectors such as YACs, followed by sequencingD) cloning several sizes of fragments into various size vectors, ordering the clones, and then sequencing themE) cloning the whole genome directly, from one end to the otherAnswer: DTopic: Concept 21.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension5) The biggest problem with the shotgun technique is its tendency to underestimate the size of the genome. Which of the following might best account for this?A) skipping some of the clones to be sequencedB) missing some of the overlapping regions of the clonesC) counting some of the overlapping regions of the clones twiceD) having some of the clones die during the experiment and therefore not be representedE) missing some duplicated sequencesAnswer: ETopic: Concept 21.1Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation6) What is metagenomics?A) genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genusB) the sequence of one or two representative genes from several speciesC) the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineageD) sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystemE) genomics as applied to an entire phylumAnswer: DTopic: Concept 21.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension7) Which procedure is not required when the shotgun approach to sequencing is modified as sequencing by synthesis, in which many small fragments are sequenced simultaneously?A) use of restriction enzymesB) sequencing each fragmentC) cloning each fragment into a plasmidD) ordering the sequencesE) PCR amplificationAnswer: CTopic: Concept 21.1Skill: Application/Analysis2Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.8) What is bioinformatics?A) a technique using 3-D images of genes in order to predict how and when they will be expressedB) a method that uses very large national and international databases to access and work with sequence informationC) a software program available from NIH to design genesD) a series of search programs that allow a student to identify who in the world is trying to sequence a given speciesE) a procedure that uses software to order DNA sequences in a variety of comparable waysAnswer: BTopic: Concept 21.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension9) What is proteomics?A) the linkage of each gene to a particular proteinB) the study of the full protein set encoded by a genomeC) the totality of the functional possibilities of a single proteinD) the study of how amino acids are ordered in a proteinE) the study of how a single gene activates many proteinsAnswer: BTopic: Concept 21.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension10) Bioinformatics can be used to scan sequences for probable genes looking for start and stop sites for transcription and for translation, for probable splice sites, and for sequences known to be found in other known genes. Such sequences containing these elements are calledA) expressed sequence tags.B) cDNA.C) multigene families.D) proteomes.E) short tandem repeats.Answer: ATopic: Concept 21.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension11) A microarray known as a GeneChip, with most now-known human protein coding sequences, has been developed to aid in the study of human cancer by first comparing two to three subsets of cancer subtypes. What kind of information might be gleaned from this GeneChip to aid in cancer prevention?A) information about whether or not a patient has this type of cancer prior to treatmentB) evidence that might suggest how best to treat a person's cancer with chemotherapyC) data that could alert patients to what kind of cancer they were likely to acquireD) information about which parent might have provided a patient with cancer-causing genesE) information on cancer epidemiology in the United States or elsewhereAnswer: CTopic: Concept 21.2Skill: Application/Analysis3Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.12) What is gene annotation in bioinformatics?A) finding transcriptional start and stop sites, RNA splice sites, and ESTsB) describing the functions of protein-coding genesC) describing the functions of noncoding regions of the genomeD) matching the corresponding phenotypes of different speciesE) comparing the protein sequences within a single phylumAnswer: ATopic: Concept 21. 2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension13) Why is it unwise to try to relate an organism's complexity with its size or number of cells?A) A very