Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)Chapter 8 An Introduction to MetabolismThis chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are asfollows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways.Multiple-Choice Questions1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?A) catalysisB) metabolismC) anabolismD) dehydrationE) catabolismAnswer: ETopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension2) Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?A) They do not depend on enzymes.B) They are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions.C) They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.D) They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.E) They consume energy to decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment.Answer: CTopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension3) Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed.B) The entropy of the universe is decreasing.C) The entropy of the universe is constant.D) Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter.E) Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.Answer: ATopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension1Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.4) For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?A) The energy content of an organism is constant.B) The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.C) The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity.D) Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter.E) Life does not obey the first law of thermodynamics.Answer: BTopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation5) Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?A) Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time.B) Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism growsis exactly balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe.C) Living organisms do not follow the laws of thermodynamics.D) As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.E) Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.Answer: DTopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation6) Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in theA) free energy of the system.B) free energy of the universe.C) entropy of the system.D) entropy of the universe.E) enthalpy of the universe.Answer: DTopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension7) Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?A) If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe.B) If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe.C) Every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment.D) Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.E) Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.Answer: DTopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation2Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.8) Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?A) Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy.B) Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work.C) Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy.D) Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.E) Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe.Answer: DTopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension9) Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?A) anabolic reactionsB) hydrolysisC) respirationD) digestionE) catabolic reactionsAnswer: ATopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Application/Analysis10) Biological evolution of life on Earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to large, multicellar eukaryotic organisms,A) has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics.B) has caused an increase in the entropy of the planet.C) has been made possible by expending Earth's energy resources.D) has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, by expending Earth's energy resources and causing an increase in the entropy of the planet.E) violates the laws of thermodynamics because Earth is a closed system.Answer: ATopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension11) Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?A) the muscle contractions of a person mowing grassB) water rushing over Niagara FallsC) light flashes emitted by a fireflyD) a molecule of glucoseE) the flight of an insect foraging for foodAnswer: DTopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension3Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.12) Which of the following is the smallest closed system?A) a cellB) an organismC) an ecosystemD) EarthE) the universeAnswer: ETopic: Concept 8.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension13) Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?A) Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food.B) Metabolism depends on an organism's adequate hydration.C) Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources.D) Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.E) Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism.Answer: DTopic: Concepts 8.1, 8.5Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation14) The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG =ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following is (are) correct?A) ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a