Chapter 31 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular absorptive chemoheterotrophs absorb organic materials release enzymes into the environment powerful hydrolytic enzymes that will break down proteins into amino acids and carbohydrates into monosaccharides etc kingdom fungi o Include yeast mushrooms truffles o Some are parasitic ex histoplasmosis o Symbiotic relationships Lichens very hearty capable of surviving touch conditions 25 000 species of lichens composed of a fungal mycelium and green algae eukaryotes in the kingdom Protista or cyanobacteria have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship take in Co2 and produce sugars algae Mycorrhizae mutualistic symbiotic relationship mycelium of a fungus and a root of a plant mycelium of fungus helps the roots absorb water and minerals and in return gets excess sugars from the plant hypothesis that plants weren t able to invade land until this symbiotic relationship evolved Chapter 33 Kingdom Animalia Though to have evolved 1 5 million years ago Ingestive eat with something similar to a mouth chemoheterotrophs get energy from chemical bond energy have to get organic molecules from something else that is or was alive o Store carbohydrates as glycogen animal starch o Gap junctions o Tight junctions in desmosomes o Have two unique types of tissue muscle tissue and nervous tissue Nervous tissue generates nerve impulses allow nervous system to control muscles glands and behavior Animal embryology o Sperm cell has to swim in liquid gets together with the egg cell through fertilization after fertilization have a single cell embryo called zygote 2N Zygote goes through period called cleavage mitotic cell division occurs product of cleavage is a blastula which is a hollow ball of cells wall is composed of many cells and inside is a cavity called a blastocoele After blastula is gastrulation convert a single layered blastula into a 3 layer gastrula 3 layers are called primary germ germination period of development layers 1 Ectoderm forms epidermis of skin and nervous system 2 Mesoderm forms everything else bulk of your body bones muscles blood gonads connecting tissue etc 3 Endoderm forms inner lining of elementary canal mouth to anus Embryo becomes cup shaped outer layer is ectoderm mesoderm on the inside of that endoderm on the other side archenteron is on the inner most cup space blastopore most outer space inside the cup Finished product is ectoderm out mesoderm middle and ectoderm inner cup layer 35 phyla of animals o Porifera pore bearing sponges most primitive o Cnidarian corals hydra jellyfish sea anemones cnidocyte stinging cells of a jelly fish o Platyhelminithes flat worms ex planaria and flukes o Nematode round worms ex pin worms nematodes o Mellusca snails clams squid octopus etc o Annelida earthworms leeches fireworms o Arthropoda joint foot insects crabs shrimp o Echinodermata starfish sea cucumbers o Chordata chordates most vertabrates Animals evolved from protists called choanoflagellates o Composed of collar cells have a collar with a flagellum on the outside and cell body flagellum creates a current in water o Filter feeder or suspension feeders filter sea water o Colonial protists Animal Phylogeny o Parazoa no true tissues o Eumetazoa true tissue o Radiata have radial symmetry have oral surface and aboral surface opposite of mouth diploblastic two germ layers o Bilateria have bilateral symmetry cephalization head triploblastic3 germ layers o Acoelomate no body cavity o Pseudocoelomate pseudocoelom cavity a true coelem is lined with mesoderm a pseudo is not fully lined with mesoderm o Coelomate cavity o Protostomes vs deuterostomes Protostomes annelids arthropods mellusca blastopore forms the mouth and the anus forms later have spiral cleavage the cleavage plane is oblique to the polar axis cells will wind up at an angle determinant development fate of the cells of the embryo is determined very early coelom formation schizocoelous split coelem mass of mesoderm on each side of the embryo and a split forms Deuterostomes echinoderms chordates most closely related to them blastopore forms the anus and the mouth forms later have radial cleavage when the cell divides the cleavage plane is parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis cells will be in a strait line indeterminate development enterocoelous gut coelem o Molecular genetics sequence the DNA molecule can also sequence RNA ribosomal have changed info about phylogeny Deuterostomes are unchanged echinoderms and chordates Protostomes have been split into two groups 1 Arthropoda and nemotoda most closely related unique anatomically because they both shed their skin moltecdysozoa 2 Mellusca annelida and polyhelimenthes group is called lophotrochozoa tentacles used for feeding Chapter 34 Phylum Chordata Apomorphic characters o Members always have a notochord at some point in their life a rod of cells that are essentially a skeleton in an embryo functions in skeletal support and embryonic development o Dorsal hollow nerve cord composes brain and spinal cord Dorsal top Ventral bottom o Post anal tail at some point in life cycle o Presence of pharyngeal clefts developed in primitive chordates as a means of filter feeding ex sponges tissue in between the clefts is pharyngeal arch contain a skeletal element ex bone or cartilage muscle and nerves Pharynx is throat region Cleft is an opening in the pharynx Lancelets have sword shape o Occur in sandy areas o Makes living through filter feeding o Metameric segmented Sea squirts live on rocks in the intertidal zone o Makes living through filter feeding Subphylum vertebrata humans o Chordates that have a backbone o Used to be called craniata cranium o Most primitive vertebrates are in the group agnatha Have no jaws and no paired fins Hag fish burrow into the bodies of dead animals on sea floor Lamphrey eel similar to parasites suction cup for mouth and grasping structure Covedonts Ostractoderms o Group gnathostomata Have jaws and paired fins allows them to become predators and maniupulate the environment Placoderms Chondrichthyes include sharks sting rays and ratfish have cartilage skeleton liver enormous in size both allow them to be lighter Ostrichthyes bony fishes have air sac can function as a buoyancy compensator neutrally buoyant air sac called a swim or air bladder forms from an out pocketing of an elementary canal two big groups 1 ray finned fish tuna lion fish 2 lobe finned fish o Group tetrapoda have digits fingers and toes dactylous apendages