1. In the process of photosynthes a photon of light raises an electron of a __ molecule to a higher energy level.a. Oxygenb. Waterc. Carbon dioxided. Chlorophylle. Sugar2. One function of the cuticle is to:a. Transport foodb. Serve as a protective layer of cellsc. Retard water lossd. Transport watere. Add cells to the plant body3. Secondary growth refers to growth:a. Originating from the lateral meristemsb. That is of secondary importance to the plantc. Originating from the epidermisd. Originating from the apical meristemse. That results in the extension of roots and stems4. The development of agriculture started at least ______ years ago.a. 1 millionb. 111,000c. 1000d. 11 millione. 11,0005. Which molecules are found in the starch grains of plant cells?a. Oligosaccharins and chitinb. Cellulose and maltosec. Amylose and amylopectind. Glycogen and sucrosee. Fructans6. What is the most abundant organic compound known?a. Sucroseb. Phospholipidc. Cellulosed. Starche. DNA7. A phospholipid differs from a triglyceride in that a phospholipid contains: a. Double bondsb. A hydrophilic groupc. Glycerold. A hydrophobic groupe. Fatty acids8. The common transport form of sugar in animals is ____ and in plants is _____.a. Maltose; lactoseb. Starch; sucrosec. Fructose; maltosed. Glucose; sucrosee. Sucrose glucose9. The major classes of secondary plants metabolites are:a. Terpenoids, phenolics, and proteinsb. Sugars and proteinsc. Alkaloids and sugarsd. Alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoidse. Nucleic acids, alkaloids, and phenolics10. _____ is a terpenoid consisting of as many as 100,000 isoprene units.a. Anthocyaninb. Rubberc. Menthold. Cardiac glycosidee. Taxol11. Phenolics used by humans to denature the proteins of animal hide to produce leather are:a. Anthocyaninsb. Flavonoidsc. Tanninsd. Ligninse. Salicylic acids12. Which of the following is/are NOT found in BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?a. Plasma membraneb. Cytoplasmc. Organellesd. Genetic materiale. Ribosome13. Chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments are embedded in the:a. Plasmalemmab. Nucleoidsc. Stromad. Outer chloroplast membranee. Thylakoid membrane14. Leucoplasts that synthesize and store starch are known as:a. Amyloplastsb. Etioplastsc. Proplastidsd. Chloroplastse. Chromoplasts15. Plasmodesmata are:a. Vesicles that move from one portion of the cytoplasm to anotherb. Crystalline materials stored in the vacuolec. Cytoplasmic threads and ER membranes connecting adjacent cellsd. Carbohydrates that protrude from the plasma membranee. Portions of the trans-golgi network16. Cellulose synthase is an enzyme complex (“rosetta”) situated in the:a. Mitochondriab. Cell wallc. Vacuoled. Plasma membranee. Chloroplasts17. Adjacent plant cells are cemented together by the:a. Cutin layerb. Waxy layerc. Primary walld. Middle lamellae. Secondary wall18. Which of the following is NOT a function of a membrane protein?a. Act as receptors for chemical signalsb. Convert energy from one form to anotherc. Catalyze chemical reactionsd. Transport specific molecules or ions into and out of the celle. Make the membrane impermeable19. Which could be the water potential of a sucrose solution at atmospheric pressure and sea level?a. 100 barsb. -10 MPac. 100 MPad. 10 barse. 0 bars20. If a plant cell is placed in an aqueous solution that is hypertonic to the cell, the cell will:a. Build up wall pressureb. Swell up and perhaps burstc. Neither gain nor lose waterd. Build up turgor pressuree. Undergo plasmolysis21. An aquaporin is a:a. Carrier protein for waterb. Carbohydrate that binds water to prevent bursting of the cellc. Channel protein for waterd. Hole in a water moleculee. Protein that binds water inside the cytosol22. If the concentration of glucose is higher inside a cell than outside, glucose will enter the cell only by:a. Facilitated diffusionb. Simple diffusionc. Passive cotransportd. Active transporte. Osmosis23. Which of the following is not an example of potential energy?a. A tank of gasolineb. Water at the bottom of a waterfallc. An apple on a branchd. A charged flashlight batterye. A boulder at the top of a hill24. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system and its surroundings after an energyconversion is ____ the total energy before the conversion.a. Greater thanb. Less than or equal toc. Greater than or equal tod. Equal toe. Less than25. As the temperature increases, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction usually:a. Decreases to a point then increasesb. Increases, decreases, then increases againc. Increases up to a point then decreasesd. Decreases constantlye. Increases constantly26. In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted to _____ molecules of _____.a. 3; fructoseb. 3; pyruvatec. 2; sucrosed. 2; pyruvatee. 2; fructose27. Within the plant cell, glycolysis occurs in:a. The cytosolb. The nucleusc. The ERd. Mitochondriae. Chloroplasts28. After acetyl CoA enters the Krebs Cycle, the CoA portion of the molecule:a. Is oxidizedb. Combines with oxaloacetatec. Is releasedd. Combines with citratee. Is reduced29. In each turn of the Krebs Cycle how many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced?a. 0b. 1c. 2d. 3e. 430. Which of the following components of the electron transport chain consist of a protein attached to an iron-containing porphyrin ring?a. Cytochromesb. Conenzyme Qc. Ubiquinoned. NADe. Iron-sulfur proteins31. Which of the following statements about respiration and photosynthesis is FALSE?a. Both respiration and photosynthesis are redox reactionsb. During respiration, electrons are constantly moved to a lower energy levelc. Respiration is an exergonic processd. During photosynthesis, electrons are moved constantly to a lower energy level.e. Photosynthesis is an endergonic process32. The reduction of NADP+ is associated with:a. Cyclic electron flowb. The photosynthetic electron transport chainc. The water splitting enzymed. Photosystem IIe. Photosystem I33. Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP depends on a gradient of ____ across mitochondrial membrane.a. Electronsb. ADPc. Protonsd. Phosphatee. Glucose34. A primary function of protein complexes of the electron transport is to:a. Bind oxygenb. Reduce NAD+c. Pump protonsd. Synthesize ATPe. Oxidize FADH235. The process of β-oxidation is involved in the breakdown of:a. Proteinsb. Triglyceridesc. Sucrosed. Starche. Nucleic acids36. Which of the following statements about ATP synthase is FALSE?a. It binds ADPb. It binds Pc. It synthesizes ATPd. It