Plant Cells, cell cycleReproduction of the cellChapter 4: The movement of substances into and out of the cellsOther substrates for respirationReactions of photosynthesisRespiration and photosynthesis: ecological aspectsChapter 8: Sexual Reproduction and heredityChapter 10: Recombinant DNA technology, Plant biotechnology, Genomics:Chapter12: SystematicsMethods of classification: Cladograms:Morphological and molecular systematics.Protein, RNA and DNA sequence comparison.CH22 Early development of the plant bodyRequirements for seed germinationInternal organization of the plant bodyVascular tissuesDermal tissuesChapter24: The root: structure and developmentOrigin and growth of the primary tissues:Connection between the stem vascular tissue and the leavesVascular cambium: Fusiform and ray initialsThe (photo)tropic effect (banding) is caused by lateral redistribution of auxinCytokininsEthyleneThe biosynthesis of ethyleneAbscisic acidA general hormone response pathwayPlant biotechnologyChapter28: External factors and plant growthThe Nastic movements: Reversible movements independent from the direction of the stimulusPhotoperiodismHormonal control of floweringGenetic control of floweringDormancyArrested growth and development of a seed or budThe soil is the primary nutrient medium for plantsWater cycle: the most important sourceNutrient cycles-Biogeochemical cyclesAssimilation of NPhosphorus CyclePlant nutrition research: to overcome soil deficiencies and toxicitiesChapter 30 : The movement of water and solutes in PlantsAdaptations to Minimize TranspirationFactors affecting TranspirationMovement of water in the plantWater and inorganic ion uptake by rootsAssimilate movement in the PhloemBIOL425 12 Spring CH 1 introductionPlants : Primary production “What drives life is: a little current kept up by the sunshine” (Szentgyorgyi)Botany: Greek word originated from “to feed”Not only food but oxygen, fuel, fiber, medicines, etc even the money (dollar bills)Origin of life, Evolution of life forms, Local events or pan-spermia? Experimental evidence: accumulation of chemical building blocks of life in the Miller experiments (artificial ancient atmosphere and conditions)-Meteorites, comets contain organic compoundsmessengers? First: protenoid microspheres Later: Autotrophic, heterotrophic life forms, -conquering the Earth by photoautotrophic organisms,(Cyanobacterium like). -environmental changes, free oxygen, Fast evolution: survival then heterotrophic life forms because of the possibility of respiration.First prokaryotes were Anaerobic !!!!!! Dramatic change to aerobic conditions because of photosynthetic O2 release and accumulation in the atmosphereEukaryotic cells: nucleus and organelles Colonization of land by plants: First adaptations to rocky costs Problem : how to provide continuous water flow and positive water balance, -Structural adaptation: root, vascular system in the stem, cuticle on theleaves.-Stomata for gas exchange, Vascular system: Xylem and PhloemBasic anatomy of a vascular plant: root, stem, leaf, tissues and organsCommunities: Biomes(living components) ecosystems (with nonliving environment)Major biomes e.g.: Deciduous forest, tundra, taiga, tropical rainforest, desert, savanna, Human impact: Agriculture, initiated the development of plant sciences, domesticated plants 5,000- 10,000 years agoSuch as plant taxonomy, systematics, morphology, anatomy, physiology, genetics, genomics, genetic engineering, ecology, etnobotanics and many others. Plant sciences are challenged by over-population, pollution, global warming ( fossil C burning, CO2 emmition.. Response: fast development of plant genetic engineering technologiesfor plant protection, increased yield, better quality, phytoremediation abilities, increased utilization of renewable resources.CH2: MOLECULAR COMPOSITION OF PLANT CELLS: Organic molecules: C-C-C bonds, Originated from CO2 fixation: Plants, Algae, bacteria (photo and chemoautotrophics) -Carbohydrates: Sugars, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides-Building blocks: monosaccarides: hydrophilic-transported: disaccharides (sucrose)-polysaccharides: Energy storage: starch, glycogen, fructans etc.Structural components:, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, pectic acid.-Lipids: triglycerides: hydrophobic, stores energy, fats and oils.Phospholipids:- membrane components, -saturation level, fluidity temperature adaptations.-steroids: (membrane components and hormones) classified as lipids: physiological effects and membrane temperature adaptations-waxes, suberin, cutin: waterproofing the plants compartments-Proteins: Building blocks are amino acids (20), hydrophobic, hydrophilic, uncharged or charged +/- Hydrogen bonds: secondary structures alpha helix, beta sheats, globular of fibrous.Tertiary structures self assembly or molecular chaperones. disulfide bridgesStructural or catalytic functionsNucleic acids: Nucleotide building blocks,- deoxyribose of ribose the sugar component-Phospho-sugar backbone with bases,- TAGC : DNA UACG: RNAtypes: nDNA, cpDNA mtDNA rRNA, e.g. 16S 23S bacterial , 18S 25S cytoplasmic mRNA, tRNA, snRNA, iRNA or micro RNA (regulatory functions)Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids: Nicotine, morphine, cocaine, caffeine, THC, atropine, codeine,Terpennoids: made of from isoprene units (C5H8), mono- di- and tetraterpenesEssential oils, taxol, rubber, Gibberrelines (plant hormone)Phenolics: Flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, lignins salicylic acid (aspirin) SA: SAR, systemic acquired resistance.CH 3Plant Cells, cell cycle-Robert Hook used the word “CELL” the first time (using microscope)Plant cell has internal compartments: organelles with specific functions(e.g. chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuole, nucleus)-Inside of the cell membrane (plasmalemma) and outside of the nucleus: cytoplasm-Cytosol: semi-fluid matrix-Protoplast: the membrane surrounded cell-Membranes are selectively permeable barriers (active, passive transport) not only outside, (organelles and internal network, compartmentalization)-Nucleus: envelope/pores, chromatin, chromosomes, -cytoplasmic connection by internal membrane system-Internal membrane system: rough-ER, => smooth ER,=> Golgi (dictyosome)=> plasmalemma => secretory vesicles (transport direction)-Oil bodies: are not true organelles, arise from ER, (lipid synthesis)-Plasmodesmata: intercellular connection, size selectivity and specific transport.-Vacuoles: membrane surrounded,