Chapter 25 The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development1Chapter 25: The Shoot: Primary Structure and DevelopmentMultiple-Choice Questions1. Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues of the Stem; p. 580; moderate; ans: bWhich of the following is(are) NOT produced by the shoot apical meristem?a. leaf primordiab. a protective coveringc. bud primordiad. phytomerese. cells of the primary plant body2. Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues of the Stem; pp. 580, 581, Fig. 25-3; moderate; ans: eWhich of the following is NOT part of a phytomere?a. axillary budb. internodec. noded. leafe. apical meristem3. Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues of the Stem; p. 580-581; difficult; ans: cWhich of the following statements about cells of the tunica is FALSE? a. Most divide anticlinally.b. Some divide periclinally.c. They form four layers in most angiosperms. d. Daughter cells from one layer may be displaced into another layer.e. They constitute the outermost cells of the shoot apex.4. Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues of the Stem; p. 582; moderate; ans: dIn the angiosperm shoot apex, the corpus and overlying tunica constitute the:a. pith meristem.b. peripheral meristem.c. intercalary meristem.d. central zone.e. meristematic cap.5. Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues of the Stem; p. 582; moderate; ans: cIn Arabidopsis, the protoderm originates from the:a. L2 layer.b. L3 layer.c. outermost tunica layer.d. corpus.e. cortex.Chapter 25 The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development6. Primary Structure of the Stem; p. 585; moderate; ans: cWhich of the following statements about the Tilia stem is FALSE? a. The pith contains parenchyma and mucilage ducts.b. The cortex contains collenchyma and parenchyma. c. The xylem is located outside the phloem.d. The epidermis is a single layer of cells.e. The vascular bundles are separated by interfascicular parenchyma.7. Primary Structure of the Stem; pp. 585–586; difficult; ans: cIn the Sambucus stem, phloem differentiates toward the ______ and xylem differentiates toward the ______.a. center; outsideb. outside; outsidec. outside; center d. center; center and outsidee. center and outside; center8. Primary Structure of the Stem; pp. 586–587; moderate; ans: dWhich of the following statements about the Ranunculus stem is FALSE?a. Its vascular bundles resemble those of monocots.b. The procambium is lost at maturity.c. Its vascular bundles are completely surrounded by sclerenchyma cells.d. It has a vascular cambium.e. It has closed vascular bundles.9. Primary Structure of the Stem; p. 587; easy; ans: c______ has a stem with scattered vascular bundles.a. Ranunculusb. Sambucusc. Zead. Medicagoe. Tilia10. Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf; p. 588; moderate; ans: aExtensions of vascular tissues into the leaves from the stem are called:a. leaf traces.b. leaf trace gaps. c. branch traces.d. stem bundles.e. sympodia.Chapter 25 The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development11. Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf; p. 589; moderate; ans: bA leaf trace extends between the leaf and a:a. sympodium.b. stem bundle.c. leaf trace gap.d. stem bundle gap.e. bud primordium.12. Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf; p. 590; moderate; ans: dA plant with helical phyllotaxy has:a. opposite leaves.b. a decussate leaf arrangement.c. one leaf per node, arranged in two opposite ranks.d. one leaf per node, arranged spirally.e. three or more leaves per node.13. Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf; p. 590; moderate; ans: bA plant with decussate phyllotaxy has:a. two leaves per node in the same rank.b. two leaves per node in two opposite ranks. c. one leaf per node, arranged in two opposite ranks.d. one leaf per node, arranged spirally.e. three or more leaves per node.14. Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf; p. 591; moderate; ans: cThe inhibitory field hypothesis of leaf arrangement states that existing leaf primordia:a. preferentially develop in a whorled phyllotaxy.b. cannot develop until sufficient space is available.c. prevent the initiation of new primordia.d. contain vascular tissues organized in field-like rows.e. produce electrical fields that attract one another.15. Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf; p. 591; difficult; ans: aThe auxin-based model of phyllotaxy states that auxin: a. in young primordia lower the auxin concentration in neighboring cells.b. in older primordia stimulate internode elongation.c. causes the tunica to buckle.d. in young primordia raises the auxin concentration in neighboring cells.e. in the apical meristem stimulates cells to divide.Chapter 25 The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development16. Morphology and Structure of the Leaf; p. 592; easy; ans: eA sessile leaf, by definition, lacks a ______.a. blade.b. stipule.c. sheath.d. lamina.e. petiole.17. Morphology and Structure of the Leaf; pp. 592-593; easy; ans: cIn most monocots, the base of the leaf is expanded into a ______.a. blade.b. stipule.c. sheath.d. lamina.e. petiole.18. Morphology and Structure of the Leaf; p. 593; easy; ans: cA leaf having a rachis is a ______ leaf.a. simple b. palmately compoundc. pinnately compoundd. whorlede. sessile19. Morphology and Structure of the Leaf; p. 593; moderate; ans: bPlants that are characterized as xerophytes:a. are adapted to areas that are neither too wet nor too dry.b. are adapted to dry habitats.c. grow wholly or partly submerged.d. usually have fewer stomata than other types of plants.e. may lack stomata in some leaves.20. Morphology and Structure of the Leaf; pp. 593, 595; moderate; ans: bWhich of the following statements about the leaf epidermis is FALSE?a. It is covered with a cuticle.b. Its cells are loosely arranged.c. Stomata may be sunken in depressions d. Stomata may occur on one or both leaf surfaces.e. Epidermal hairs may occur on one or both leaf surfaces.Chapter 25 The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development21. Morphology and Structure of the Leaf; p. 596; moderate; ans: bWhich of the following statements about palisade parenchyma is FALSE?a. It is lacking in the leaves of maize and other grasses.b. It is usually located on the lower side of the leaf.c. It consists of columnar cells.d. It is where most of the photosynthesis in the leaf occurs.e. It is part of the mesophyll.22. Morphology and Structure of the Leaf; p. 597; moderate; ans: eUnlike the leaves of eudicots, most monocot