I. Early and Archaic GreeceII. Minoan CivilizationIII. Mycenaean CivilizationIV. The “Dark Age” of GreeceV. Archaic GreeceVI. Political Life in Archaic GreeceVII. Society and Culture in Archaic GreeceVIII. The Persian WarsHIST 101 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of LectureI. Early and Archaic Greece- Minoan Civilization (2000-1550 B.C.)- Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 B.C.)- The “Dark Age” of Greece (1200-700 B.C.)- Archaic Greece (c.700-500 B.C.)- The Persian WarsInvention of democracy – seen as a weird idea (that the demos, the people have a say in how they are ruled)Is democracy doomed to fail?How did the Greeks contribute to the future of democracy?Lecture Notes II. Minoan Civilization - 2000 – 1550 BC- The island of Crete – Aegean Sea- The Palace of Minos at Knossos- The labyrinth and the Minotauro Myth: story that stems from some sort of truth, often a way to explain the world around them o King Minoso Bull cult and human sacrifice King Minos’s wife committed adultery with a bull, resulted in a bull/human hybrid creature  Worship of the Bull as a religious symbol- Wealth and overseas tradeo Mainland Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, Cyprus If you have water (means of transportation) you will be wealthy o Artwork in Minos had rich color and detail – product of trade, shows you have resourcesIII. Mycenaean Civilization - 1600 – 1200 BC- Kingdom of Mycenae: mainland Greeceo Oldest Greek civilization on the mainlando Agamemnon: king of Mycenae- Various independent kingdoms clustered around a citadel o Citadel: walled fortress o Politically disunited - Trade, piracy, warfareo Piracy: stealing from people engaging in sea trade- Allied war against Troy, c.1250 B.C.o Story was that kingdoms allied together against Troy under Agamemnon becausehis brother’s wife ran off to Troy to marry Prince Paris of Troy. Helen of Troy – “the woman whose face launched a thousand ships”o Asia Minor: location of Troyo Heinrich Schliemann, 1822-1890 (1873) Discovered evidence of Troy, proved that the myth was true - The end of MycenaeIV. The “Dark Age” of Greece- 1200 – 700 BC- Depopulation on the mainland- From trade and piracy to insularity, pastoralismo “Dark Age”: no resources because of no trade o Pastoralism: small communities based of taking care of livestock - A legacy of equality?- Circa 1000 B.C.: more trade, social differentiation – small communities have different things to offer, thus more tradeo Pulls Greece out of the “dark age”- The idea of the “hero”o “Homer” (c.750 B.C.): Iliad, Odyssey Hero turns into an idea that does not come from war  Story of the journey home after war Sense of fate – what you do is limited by the Gods, they have already decided what happens to you - A new political organization, c. 800 B.C.o Radical population growtho Polis(sing.), poleis (plur.): cityo Agora: open public space, market Cities were designed around the agoraV. Archaic Greece- c. 700 – 500 BC- Formation of a common Greek identityo Speaking of the same languageo “Hellenes”: Greek people- “Panhellenism”: Greeks share the same things o Religion and festival – they all share the same gods o Greek shrines: the Oracle at Delphi Apollo – Sun God Burns laurel (sacred bush) to read the future, answers questions very vaguely so that the person could interpret it as they like - Leonidas – king of Sparta goes to the oracle for councel when facing the Persians o The Olympic Games, 776 B.C. Zeus – son of Chronos (time) - Political Life- Society and Culture – The Olympic Games o All Greeks come together to participate in competitive games VI. Political Life in Archaic Greece- The government of the poleiso Aristocratic oligarchy – rich men rule the city - Technology and democracy?o Hoplite warfare (600s B.C.): hopla; phalanxo Men formed a phalanx (stood incredibly close together) – model of cooperation  Interlocked shields in order to help protect each other - Athens: the rise of democracyo Areopagus: council of the hill of Ares (the God of War) o Archon: magistrate, elected by chance  Resident does not mean citizen (Example: slaves) o Solon’s reforms (594 B.C.): dividing the demos Archon who say that instead of power being given to people by birth, it should be given by wealth- Wouldn’t matter to what class you were born, you could have the chance to rise to powero “Real” democracy: Cleisthenes and the boule, 508 B.C. Boule: 500 person assembly based on the 10 districts of Greece- Sparta: a military poliso Lycurgus (600s B.C.?): legendary law giver decided that Sparta had to raise boys as warriors and the girls were raised to make more boy warriors o Helots – outnumbered SpartansVII. Society and Culture in Archaic Greece- Aristocratic cultureo Symposium – aristocrats get together to get drunk Only women allowed to be in symposium were prostitutes o Same-sex relationships – married aristocratic men have sexual relationships with young boys in order to show power Not only sexual, men was responsible for teaching the young boy how to become a man so that he too would grow up to marry a women and havehis own relationship with a young boyo The role of women Wives, slaves, and hetairai- Poetryo To be Greek, is to be freeo Hesiod (c.700 B.C.): TheogonyMythoio Sappho (c.610-580 B.C.)VIII. The Persian Wars- The Ionian Revolt, 499-494 B.C.o The polis of Miletus (Asia Minor) leads the revolt Agree with the Greek idea of freedom o Support from Athens First invasion of Greece by Persia happens in order to punish the Greeks for supporting the Ionian revolt- Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.o Darius I (r. 521-486 B.C.) attacks Athens in revengeo An outnumbered Miltiades attacks the infantry Ends the first invasion  Runner from Marathon goes to Athens to warn them of the Persians- The Hellenic League vs. the Persian Empire o Xerxes I, r. 486-465 B.C.o Themistocles (c.528-c.460 B.C.) in Athens We need to grow our navy o Battle of Thermopylae (August, 480 B.C.) Massive defeat of the Spartans (300) o Battle of Salamis (September, 480 B.C.) Athenian navy destroys the Persians - The values that defeated an empire – humanity and