HIST 109 1st Edition Lecture 11continuing lecture Family and Gender Relations in the Establishment of the Colonial OrderMarriage and ties to Iberian SocietyEconomic- marriage serves for strategy. How to connect the rural part of Latin America to the trade routes, if women immigrants were tied to merchants (Mexico or Spain) that would aid some local farmers economic strategy to solidify economic success. Keeps money in the family, can call on family when there are issuesPeninsular/creole divisions- 1700s Spain wants to track where people are born and ifthey are full blooded Spaniards. Born on Iberian peninsular- called Peninsular. Born in the Americas- Creole, one that draws from different cultural traditions. Spain begins to privilege Peninuslars as judges, lawyers and bureaucrats. Iberian cultureFemale economic powerLegal identity-women have a legal identity, but do not have legal equality. They can sign contracts on their own behalf and decide how to sell property, go to court, sue. Easier to study in colonialized Latin America than in any British colony where women were seen as children of their father then of their husbandWidows- women usually outlived their husbands by 10 years and would marry younger. Entitled by Iberian law to half of the wealth that the family has accumulated. Half to wife then the other half split between the children. Not such pressure to remarry because they have their own wealth. Widows become economicactors in their own right. Administration of dowries-brings it to the marriage but has some control. Can bring suit against her husband for poor administration of the dowry. Woman could use thelawsuit as a check on her husband’s behavior. Protecting Iberian Female HonorControlling female sexuality since women were more valuable as virgins and do not want them to have children outside of marriage as heirs, then they can make a claim to family wealth. Foundling Houses- (orphanages) if a women becomes pregnant out of marriage, she would not be as valuable, she would enter into a foundling house where she would stay for a year, give birth then the child could be raised by nuns. Done for the elite, they pay a large donation.Charges of Seduction-female has the right if she has been seduced by her manipulative partner and they don’t make it to the wedding. He promised all these things and they engage in a sexual act. Done for 2 purposes: force the male to marry the female OR manipulation/ violence and a monetary price could be put on it, what the elite dowry would have been at the time….protecting the value of the woman economically Native-American and Mestizo Gender Relations Pre-Conquest Patterns- important roles for women where female input was accessed.Once the conquest begins and there is so much death by disease and family relocation, native American population at a disadvantage. Extended Family and Godparenthood-like in Chica de Silva. Ties her family to important people. Intermediaries between Native-American and Iberian Cultures- mixing of European, African and native Americans through servants and them raising children. Labor and Economy among Native American and Mestiza WomenFeminization of Market Vendors-in the New World the men were coming to have plantations so the large market places began to be run by women, like in Tenochtitlan versus men in the Old World Madrid or Sevilla. Gendered female expectations, cash economy, trade hand in hand puts a lot of economic power in the hands of women. Two-Income Families-Obrajes and Female Guilds-Spanish word obra- labor, textile mills in the new world. Sometimes land grant, free laborers or slaves. Become associated with females. Aztecs and Incans had own form of weaving but the Spanish brought in the large scale mills. Had right to form a guild (like an early union) have the right to train theirlaborers in artistry of making cloth, negotiate workload, work up the hierarchy of jobs. Midwives-kind of personal physician appended to an elite family. At the moment of birth is when heirs continued family lines. African Gender Patterns on PlantationsContinuity and Change in Gendered Labor Relations- in most African societies agricultural work was female work. In the New World both men and women forced to work in agriculture. Unequal Sex Ratios- European preference for male slaves. Usually 2:1Makes it extremely hard to create a family structure when males outnumber femalesUrban Labor and Strategies of FreedomCreole/African Labor Patterns- creole women worked inside the home as maids, servants. But Africans and often in market stalls. In Urban areas women outnumber males 2:1 Matriarchy?Gendered Dimension of Buying FreedomCortacion, CortacaoFor the master this is a good deal, got the labor and then get paid by the slave for them to buy their