Hist 109 1st Edition Lecture 13Current LectureThe Bourbon Reforms18th century experiments in colonial reorganizationMajor points of lecture:Purpose of the Bourbon Reforms is to increase Spain’s control over:1. Politics- what role should centralized govt have in shaping everyday life? Spain’s crown over colonies is overstepping itself and being coercive.2. Economy3. Military4. ReligionLegacy of the ReformsFeeling colonial- would describe themselves as Spaniards just living in New World.Treating colonial people differently than those back in Spain. The Bourbon Reforms- Named for Charles III (1759-1788)- comes to throne as first global war. 7 years war or French & Indian War). Britain emerges as a world power during this time.- Charles IV (1788-1808)Both come to throne at times of international crisisPolitical Goals of Bourbon Reforms- Centralize decision making process. It was hard to enact laws in colonial Latin america. Make ruling their colonies more efficient. - Strengthen links between crown and colonyPeninsular vs. Creoles (those born in Americas)- Creole loyalty questioned. Have different accents, foods, ways of life despite being of Spanish or Portuguese heritage.- Removal from bureaucratic positions throughout the Spanish Empire. Only allow people from the peninsula to be in positions.Jose de Galvez- Holds title as Minister of Indies- Removes Creoles from bureaucratic and judicial positions in New Spain (Mexico). Where creoles had been judges or community leaders, economic roles were taken away and given to peninsularpeople.- Local input no longer consulted as before. Creoles feel disenfranchised and cannot exert political pressure. Ministers are listening to people in Spain to make decisions.Economic Goals of the Bourbon Reforms- Regain control over trade and commerce- Increase tax revenuesEconomic Policies of the Bourbon Reforms- Free trade in the empire- Spain wanted revenues to stay in their control but to make it cheaper. Cut down on foreign goods that were entering that were cheaper. Wanted to keep money in latinamerican hands, not being given to other European countries.- Tobacco Monopoly- Tax it to raise more revenue for crown than from getting gold and silver out of Peru. Because it is a widely consumed product.- Tax Reformso Silver tax dropped from 20% to 10%- increased tax revenue as it allows more people to go into the mines and into the business of mining.o Sales tax raised from 2% to 6%o Tax farming ended- have an institute for tax and fiscal things. Overall reforms pretty successful. Over 300% increase in revenue from the colonies.Military Goals of the Bourbon Reforms- in response to British winning and taking control of Havana and have to surrender Florida - Expand the volunteer and professional army throughout Latin America- Colonists more actively participate in the defense of the EmpireMilitary Policies of the Bourbon Reforms- Peninsulars replace Creoles as officers- Expansion of Military Forts- Expansion of the Militia Systemo Fuero Militar- special rights and privileges for those who join the militia. Exemptions from certain taxes and a fairer trial.o Open militia open to different people. Such as former slaves and AfricansFortification of Havana in 18th centuryReligious Goals of the Bourbon Reforms- Move toward secular control- church and state originally went together but now state wants to put church in submissive position. Church is largest landholder in all of latin america. - Squeeze church for revenuesReligious Policies of the Bourbon Reforms- Jesuit explusion from Latin America- were meddling in politics and using religious voice to challenge reforms. In 1767 all Jesuits were expelled and took over their property. Their universities get shut down. o Creoles come to the defense of Jesuits. Going way too far for many local people.- Taxing Church property- Catholic Church accumulated property and Spain inventories this and sees it’s not being used for religious purposes. Now can tax those properties.- Consequence: assault on local autonomy. State intervening too much for them and they begin toquestion who is moral authority of Spanish Crown. Initially it was to extend God’s crown but nowa political and economic mission.Summary of lecture:- Bourbon reforms are an assault on local policies that have evolved over 250 years in colonial Latin America- Bourbon reforms change the relationship between Spain and its colonies that will provide the basis for independence.- Spain is far more