HIST 109 1st Edition Lecture 9AFRICAN RESISTANCEContinuation of last lecture:Columbian Exchange of AnimalsOld World to New: Livestock animals- Sheep- Cattle- Pigs- Horses- Goats- ChickensNew World to Old:- Turkeys- Llamas- AlpacasColumbian “Exchange” of Diseases: biological invasion killing indigenous populationOld World to New:- Smallpox- Measles- Typhus- Yellow Fever- arrives from Africa- Malaria- also from Africa- Dysentery- New World to Old:- SyphilisSummary:- By the 1600s the Iberians had mapped out and traveled to most regions in Latin America- By the 1600s Iberian rule was established in Latin America by concentrating in “Core” areas and then slowly enveloping the “Periphery” into Iberian Rule- By the 1600s both the European and Latin American diet, environment, and biological history had become decisively interwoven and interconnected by the Columbian ExchangeNEW LECTUREAfrican Resistance to the Colonial Order- Maroon Societies in Latin AmericaMajor points of lecture:- Africans resist their enslavement in the New World through forming maroon societies- Conditions related to imperial rivalries and the political situation in the periphery of LatinAmerican favored the formation of Maroon SocietiesDefining Maroons and Maroon Societies- Origins of the term: Cimarron in Spanish (those who are runaway)- Petit Marronage- French for small scale runaway or individual- Grand Marronage- refers to a collective act of running away by many. - These terms for legal purposes. Petit marronage was responsibility of the master. But grand marronagerequired intervention by colonial authorities. - African Monarchies in Latin America- determined by contributions and meritocracy, not really bloodline or lineageRelationship with Non-Africans- From Conflict to Cooperation with Native-Americans. Begin to having relations with each other. Build a common allianceo Seminoles to Black seminoleso Caribs to Black Caribs- International Rivalries and Maroon Resistanceo Political- As other countries such as Britain, France, and Dutch come across, it allows for easier resistanceo Religious- Protestants vs. Catholics. Fort Mose, Spanish Florida- Spanish Sanctuary Policy- allows people to seek asylum from British rule to become Catholic o 1739 Stono Revolt- largest slave revolt happens on Stono River- Slavery Buffer on Frontier: deter British settlers from getting close. Give slaves freedom but have to protect St. Augustine and be subjects of Spanish crown. Receive military salary.Quilombo Kingdom of Palmares in Brazil- upwards of 50,000 runaway slaves.- Quilombo- African terms used to describe- Dutch occupation, 1624 to 1640- occupy NE Brazil - Capital Macaco- population of about 15,000. Organized effectively and impose taxes on those living in periphery. - King Ganga-Zumba: first great leader. Defeated by Zumbi - Final defeat in 1694- existed for over 70 years- Re-enslavement or enslavement? Many had been born free in Palmares and were later