HIST 109 1st Edition Lecture 19Spain’s Second Empire in the 19th Century Caribbean: Cuba, DR, Puerto RicoCuba: The Ever Faithful Island- Cuba languished under Hapsburg as it changed the way shipping could occur- Major changes that occurred on the island.o Began taking in refugees that wanted to remain loyal to Spain. o Often brought slaves and expertise on how to grow crops along with European connections. o Crops spread from west to east. o Refugees given land that was undeeded. o 1700 acres were cleared yearly in order to make land to grow. - Lagged behind neighbors in population, amount of land being cultivated, productivity in sugar, coffee- Cuba produced only 3% of Caribbean agriculture. - Between 1800-1865, 600,000 captive Africans were brought into Cuba.Spanish “Recolonization” of Cuba during the wars for independence- Loyalist Refuge- Spanish Caribbean Capital- island now stood in contrast to all other Caribbean neighborso Havana became capital for second empire.- Military staging area to fight wars for independence- Fear of a Haitian style revolution beginning at the bottom. Cuban Slavery and Spanish Loyalty- 1789 Free trade in slaves- de regulated direct trade of slaves. Allowed lower prices and greater supply of africans. - Trans-atlantic slave trade to Cuba, 1494-1867- Sugar, Coffee, and Tobacco- European demand- Slave conditions were very poor with long hours in order for productionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Dreams and Nightmares of Independence in Cuba- The Aponte Slave Rebellion of 1812- was a black carpenter o Involved slaves, free people of color, and some whites that were anti-Spanisho People that didn’t like exploitation of slaveso It failed, but public execution of leaders of conspiracy - Annexation to the US (1840s-1850s)o Considered on both sides to be a great source of exchange including education, shipping, etc. Class of Cuban planters that were interested in democracy. US wanted to buy Cuba from Spain. The Rise of Independence Sentiments in Cuba- Cuba produced 25% of Spain’s income.- Decline in Slave population as % of overall population. Whites reclaimed population as majority. Due to mortality rates on Cuban plantations of Africans. Not a lot of reproduction on plantations.o Chinese indentured laborers- about 125,000 people- Rise of urban cities not tied to slavery- laborers working in cities were white paid laborers. - Abolition of the trans-atlantic slave trade in 1867- Direct importation declined significantlyThe Ten Years War 1868-1878- Increase in sugar, coffee, tobacco taxes. Huge tariff for importation into US. o Plantations shut down and businesses closed.o Banks failed at very high rate.o Agricultural commodities began to erode.- Grito de Yara (Oct. 10, 1868)o Carlos Manuel de Cespedes- was a sugar planter in eastern part of island. Decided to call for independence. He said a set of grievances against Spain. Armed his slaves to fight as Cubans.o Low level war that played on intl concerns about empires in Caribbean.o Any freeing of slaves would be a crime against republic.- Weakness- would not directly address slavery Final War for Independence 1895-1898- Abolition of Slavery 1886- Jose Marti and his concept of “Cuba Libre”. Was a poet and skilled writer/orator. He was in Madrid and New York where he planned phases of leading Cuban independenceo Workers’ rightso Eliminate racismo Universal male suffrageo Opposition to US imperialism: Longest lasting influence Wanted Cuba to be free and self-governedo Martyrdom 1895o Marti still a major influence on Cuban culture US Occupation of Cuba, 1898-1902- US heard of bad treatment of Spanish Human rights violations against those within independence movement. Came to police island, calling it human rights.- The Platt Amendment 1902o Interventiono Foreign Treaties- Cuba could not sign their own treaties.o Militaryo Naval and Military Stations- US reserved right to intervene at any time and hold military bases there (Guantanamo Bay still there)Search for Stability and Independence: 19th Century Dominican RepublicHaiti and the Dominican Republic- 1795-1804 Haitian Occupation and Dominican exodus- 1804-1821 Spanish colonialismo 1819 population 63,000o 1822-1844 second haitian occupation by Boyer.- DR gained independence as part of other state- Slavery was abolished in 1822- Elites did not like this and declared separate independence in 1844.Boyer’s call for colonization from US African Americans- Wanted to settle DR, give them landIndependence vs Haiti and Spain- 1844 Dominican Independence with Haitians expelled. Blacks now threatened with being re-enslaved. They had grown up Haitian being free- 1861-1865, Spanish Reoccupation under Isabel II- 1863-1865 Dominican War of Restoration- 1865- second war for independence. Haiti supported Dominicans kicking Spanish outThe Emergence of Puerto Rico in the 19th century- Developed at a similar pace as Cuba. - Welcomed influx of slaves.- Population grew greatly up til 1860 - 60,000 slaves arrived after 1800- Coerced free peasants into working Puerto Rican Labor Relations- Coercive Labor Strategies (non-slavery)o Day labor regulation (1849)o Libreta Systemo Vagrancy lawsSummary:- Cuba remained faithful to Spanish as long as it suited their profits- Dominican, PR, and Cuban independence movements existed with great variations- After 1898 the US took a lasting neo-imperial role in the Caribbean and Latin America. Frequent intervention in Cuba and DR; long-term occupation of