HIST 109 1st Edition Final Study Guide 1 of the 3 questions below will be chosen at random for your 2nd exam.--You must bring a BLANK Blue Book to class [do not write your name on the Blue Book]--The Exam will begin at 12:30 PM sharp. Any student not in the classroom at 12:30PM will be considered late and not allowed to sit for the exam.1. Compose an essay that explains what issues resulted in Latin Americans fighting for their independence? In answering this question, analyze: (1) the role of events in Europe that catalyzed independence movements; (2) what opportunities emerged to fight for political rights; and (3) how Latin Americans defined their national identity after gaining independence. Include material from the lectures and discussion section readings.Lectures to use:Haitian Rev, Napoleonic Wars in Europe interrupted Iberian empire, Readings to use:Independence readings (Brazil, Mexico, Bolivar in Venezuela), social difference between rural/city and how new nations forged new identities. a. Haitian Revolution is unique because it was first independent country in LA. Inspired by French Revolution. Haitian went beyond the French Revolution and abolished slavery and gave equality to all people regardless of racial background.- African influence was a force in Haitian rev. Rev served as element of fearfor whites in other countries. - The Bourbon Reforms implemented catalyzed independence movements. Bothered people in Americas. Creoles vs. Peninsulares created cultural and political divide. Peninsulares were in power and creoles pushed down.b. During the course, what happens that allows people to insert their own political agenda into their struggle for independence? Who are the people fighting for independence? Is it personal and political independence? In the French Revolution it was Toussaint Louverture, Mexican it was Zapata, Madero, Villa. In the Cuban Revolution, it was Castro’s rise to power. c. Brazil is different because it started by Portuguese crown. Brazil did not breakup and is still very large. Their national identity was very unique. Use the reading of city vs. rural man in Brazil. Use nationalism readings to tie it all together. How into the late 19th century these states were still try to deal with legacies of independence era and to include everyone.2. 19th and 20th Century Latin America was marked by radical political movements aimed to overthrow entrenched military dictatorships and the legacies of colonial regimes. Focusing on: (1) the Haitian Revolution; (2) the Mexican Revolution; and (3) the Cuban Revolution, how did each revolution attempt to radically change Latin American society? Include material from the lectures and discussionsection readings.Readings to use: Revolution vs. ReformLectures: Information on all revolutionsa. Haitian Rev- how it was a different kind of movement than others. It was a black public. First place to abolish slavery. Everyone was citizen and constitutionally equal.b. Mexican- Diaz and the Porfiriato. - Different types of revolution involved- both Social/political. Began as political and transformed into social. - Constitution of 1917 is important. Peasant class emerging. Growing working classReading: Populism. How much was promised but not materialized.c. Cuban- goals and why it was successful. Intl audience. How did emerge in democratic reform. Who were major players? Moncada attacks? Fidel in prison, Mexico City. Use Che Guevara warfare readings. Transition from populism. Why populations which once wanted democratic change became radicalized. US influence dating from Spanish American War3. 20th Century Latin America produced new types of political movements in the form of populism and social revolutions. How did populism and social revolutions change relations between: (1) the government and the people in terms of politics; (2) employers and laborers in terms of conditions for the working class; and (3) diplomatic relations in terms of relations between Latin American countries and the United States? Include material from the lectures and discussionsection readings.Readings to use: populism readings, employment reform. Late 19th century into 20tha. Mexican revolution and Cuban very important. Standard oil changed relationships. Porfiriato in Mexico, especially with indigenous people.Madero and his goals?Division between political and social rev. Why the people who led them became social revolutionaries. Zapata emerges. Huerta reaction against Madero. Carranza 1917 and institutionalized constitution. Cardenas nationalizing oilb. Strikes- use lectures on strikes in the mines. Women took an active role in thisc. Castro, independence of Cuba. Platt Amendment. US meddling in Cuban affairs. Batista and military which favored US economic interest. Castro’s rise to power. Jose Marti in independence and revolution. How did Guerrilla warfare happen (Che Guevara Readings). Why were they motivated to engagein that type of