Botany 400 Exam 3 potential questions 1 What are some of the basic ecological conditions that promote the evolution of parasites of carnivores and of mycotrophs 2 What is the difference between holoparasites and hemiparasites Indicate what is known about the evolution of these two conditions in light of the two families Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae 3 The Asterids excluding the Lower Asterids are one of the best defined groups of flowering plants Indicate clearly 1 how they can be separated from Rosids and 2 how the Lower Asterids differ generally from the typical Asterids 4 What is known about the developmental origin of sympetaly in Asterids and how does such variation in origin fit with the two main groups of Asterids and with Asterids that lack petal fusion 5 Certain features within the Asterids are fairly good in defining subgroups orders or sets of families although most show some homoplasy Discuss how the following features actually do or do not tie together orders or families a inferior ovary b pollen presentation c opposite leaves d tendency for congested inflorescences heads 6 If you are holding a radiate head like a sunflower describe all the structures bracts florets etc you will see from the outside to the inside 7 The ancestral aquatic monocot now extinct of course has been argued to possess leaves without blades and an inactive vascular cambium for secondary growth If this is correct describe how monocots have been successful in dealing with both of these deficits 8 The primitive monocot flower is considered to possess 3 sepals 3 petals 6 stamens 3 separate carpels with nectar and insect pollination Give two examples one in Alismatids and one in Commelinids how floral reduction and loss of insect nectar pollination is a recurrent theme in monocot evolution Indicate both the type of pollination and the change in flowers inflorescence that have accompanied the shift in pollination 9 Compare and contrast the inflorescence structure bracts and florets of a typical grass like Avena oats and Carex sedge 10 What are the main types of approaches in biogeography 11 Vicariance and dispersalism are often considered to be the two main paradigms within one such approach historical biogeography Using Fuchsia from the new world and old world discuss how the two paradigms are or are not involved in determining where species of Fuchsia are presently found 12 The temperate floras and faunas of the temperate southern hemisphere South America Africa and Australasia have long been a model group for the debates on vicariance vs dispersal Which temperate southern hemisphere continent is most distinct floristically and why 13 Molecular systematics although clearly important in modern phylogenetics has several issues that must be recognized and dealt with In the context of Gene Trees and Species Trees explain how gene duplications hybridization introgression and horizontal gene transfer occur and what must be done to recognize their occurrence 14 What are three possible ways that a significant discrepancy arises in species numbers between sister clades 15 Define Adaptive Radiation and discuss how molecular phylogenetics is key to understanding this event 16 Illustrate the phenomenon of Adaptive Radiation with the following examples a cichlid fishes of East Africa b Salvia sages of mint family c Hawaiian Lobeliaceae 17 Know the basic systematic evolutionary issues and conclusions from Dryopteris Oxalis and Combretaceae from the three graduate student presentations on Monday Dec 12
View Full Document
Unlocking...