Diversity andEvolution of Rosids. . . violets, willows, and spurges . . .Oxalidales• small, heterogeneous, novel groupof 6 families - seed character?CephalotaceaeAustralian pitcher plantOxalidaceaeWood sorrels6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel)Oxalidaceae - wood sorrels• plants are herbaceous creepers or woodyvinesOxalidaceae - wood sorrelsOxalis corniculata - creeping yellow wood sorrel• typically 3-foliateleaves (the realshamrock)• leaves are acidic totaste due to oxalicacid in the form ofcalcium oxalate6 genera, 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas - 700belong to Oxalis (wood sorrel)Oxalidaceae - wood sorrelsOxalis corniculata • 5 merous flowers• fruits are 5 locular &winged capsules or berriesCA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5)OxalisOxalidaceae - wood sorrelsOxalis corniculata • 5 merous flowers• fruits are 5 locular &winged capsules or berries• tristyly common (3 levelsat which 2 sets of anthersand 1 set of styles position)CA 5 CO 5 A 5+5 G (5)OxalisU U UOxalis stricta -tall wood-sorrelOxalidaceae - wood sorrelsOxalis acetosella -wood-sorrelOxalis violaceae -violet wood-sorrel• common native and introduced wood-sorrelsOxalidaceae - wood sorrels• tropical fruit - carambola or star fruit: note 5carpellate structureAverrhoa carambola*Malpighiales• large and diverse group of 38families - many of themcontributing importantly to tropicalforest diversity*Malpighiales• unresolved! “novel” clade• leaf margin teeth• “Parietales” subclade (placentation)• hosts for Cymothoe butterflies• unusual life forms*MalpighialesRafflesiaceaeRafflesiaparasiteRhizophoraceaeRhizophora manglemangrovePodostemonaceaePodostemonstream aquatic23 genera, 800 species of herbs (temperate) to vines and smalltrees (tropics). 400-600 of them are violets (Viola).Viola tricolor - pansy, jonny-jump-up*Violaceae - violetsRinorea - tropical shrubViola have either basal leaves or caulineleaves - cordate or palmately lobed ordivided.Stipules are welldeveloped.*Violaceae - violetsCA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3)• Flowers insect pollinated,nectar guides, zygomorphic• Perianth 5 merous• Lower petal spurred, 2 lowerstamens have spurs going backinto the petal spur• 3 fused carpels*Violaceae - violetsPistil forms 3 partingcapsule in chasmogamousflowers (open flowers)from out-crossingCleistogamous, or closedflowers, form small capsulesvia self-pollination (note theparietal placentation inupper capsule)*Violaceae - violetsCA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3)V. pedataBird’s-foot violetV. pedatifidaPrairie violet*Violaceae - violetsViola affinis -sand violetV. sororia - dooryard violetWisconsin state flower! Oneof many stemless purplevioletsV. macloskeyi Wild white violetA small white flowered violet*Violaceae - violetsV. pubescens - downy yellow violeta stemmed yellow violetV. canadensis - Canada white violeta stemmed white violet*Violaceae - violetsHybanthus concolor - green violetSpecial concern, almost extripated*Violaceae - violets*Violaceae - violets• tropical taxa of othergenera and Viola arewoody• from where did the 10species in Hawaii come?*Violaceae - violetsV. langsdorffi• DNA places them within apolyploid complex, amphi-Beringian tundra species*Violaceae - violets• Beringian source israre, especiallysurprising with agroup onceconsidered tropical• bird migrationpathway fromBeringia to Hawaii iscommon andpotential mechanismof dispersal9 genera, 560 species of temperate herbs or small shrubs• opposite leaved• leaves are punctate -with clearly visibleclear to black dots,these sometimes seenon petals as wellHypericaceae - St. John’s wortHypericum perforatum - Klamath weed [ecologically invasive]Note the perforations along edge of yellow petalsCA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5)Stamens many, often groupedHypericaceae - St. John’s wort• pistil made up of 3 to 5 fusedcarpels• placentation either axile (then 3-5locuoles) or parietal (as here)Hypericum pyrimidatum great St. John’s wortHypericaceae - St. John’s wortCA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5)• pistil made up of 3 to 5 fusedcarpels• placentation either axile (then 3-5locuoles) or parietalHypericum pyrimidatum great St. John’s wortHypericaceae - St. John’s wortCA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5)• fruit a capsuleHypericaceae - St. John’s wort• Hypericum common in highelevation regions of tropicsHypericum in Costa Rican paramoTriadenum virginicum marsh St. John’s wort• Triadenum restrictedto wetlandsDovyalis hebecarpa Oncoba spinosaChemically defined by salicins (salicylic acid). Manymembers of the tropical “Flacourtiaceae” with showy flowersalso have salicins and are now part of the Salicaceae*Salicaceae - willows, poplars55 genera, 1000+ species of shrubs/trees - 450 are willows(Salix), less numerous are poplars, aspens (Populus).Populus deltoides -American cottonwood*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsSalix babylonica -weeping willow*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsWillows (Salix) are dioecious trees of temperate regions withreduced flowers in aments - both insect and wind pollinatedSalix babylonica -weeping willowmalefemalemalefemale• nectar glands at base of bract allowsinsect as well as wind pollination• fruit is a capsule with cottony seedsfor wind dispersal*Salicaceae - willows, poplars• many species are “precocious” -flower before leaves flush in springSalix discolor -pussy willow*Salicaceae - willows, poplars• species vary from large trees, shrubs, to tiny tundrasubshrubs*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsSalix fragilis -crack willowSalix pedicellaris -bog willowSalix herbacea -dwarf willowPopulus deltoidesAmerican cottonwoodPopulus - poplars, cottonwood, aspensmalefemale*Salicaceae - willows, poplars• flowers possess a disk• cottony seeds in capsuleP. grandidentatabigtooth aspenP. tremuloidestrrembling aspen• aspens are clonal from rootsprouts, fast growing, lightwooded, and important forpulp in the paper industry*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsPopulus balsamiferaBalsam poplar, balm-of-gileadPopulus albaWhite poplarIntroduced from Europe*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsPopulus deltoides -American cottonwood*Salicaceae - willows, poplars*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesEuphorbiaceae s.l. ispolyphyletic and nowbroken into 3 familiesEuphorbiaceaePutranjivaceaePhyllanthaceae• large cosmopolitan family of trees,shrubs, and herbs of 222 genera and6000 species• leaves alternate, simple (oftenpalmately lobed) or palmatelycompound*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesRicinus -