Diversity and Evolutionof Rosids. . . gourds, walnuts, and maples . . .Cucurbitales• previously recognized group of 7families (some N2 fixers)• palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth,imperfect flowers, parietalplacentationDatiscaceaeCucurbitaceaeBegoniaceaeN2 fixingcladeCucurbitaceae - melonsMainly tropical and subtropical family of 118 genera,845 species of herbaceous or woody vines with tendrils(modified inflorescences)Gurania in Panama Cucumis in Wisconsin• flowers unisexual andplants usually dioecious,cultivated ones monoeciousMale flower Female flower• fusion of perianth (Asterid-like!); stamens are weird,female flower is epigynousCucurbitaceae - melonsFruit is a berry with leatheryrind = pepo (pumpkin, melon,pickle, gourd)Female flowerCucurbitaceae - melonsEchinocystis lobata wild cucumberNote the many small maleflowers and few femaleflowers going into fruit andspiny pepoCucurbitaceae - melonsSicyos angulata - bur cucumberSmall “burred” cucumberor pickle-like fruits can beseen on bottom rightCucurbitaceae - melons*Fagales• core “Amentiferae” of Engler &Prantl and subclass “Hamamelidae”of Cronquist - wind pollinatedN2 fixingclade• trees with unisexualflowers in aments/catkins• inferior G (2-3)• nut - bony 1-seeded*FagalesNothofagaceae - southern beeches -are sister to all others• North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks)Castanea - chestnut Quercus - oak*Fagaceae - beechesFagus - beech• simple leaves and nut enclosed by subtending bracts• Fagus (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in northtemperate deciduous forests• easy to recognize with gray barkFagus grandifolia -American beech• 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts)surrounded by one set of bractsFagus sylvatica - EuropeFagus grandifolia - N. America*Fagaceae - beeches• Quercus, the oaks, have bracts belowfemale flower that coalesce into awoody cup of the acorn fruit (nut)• hybridizing group and taxonomicallychallenging*Fagaceae - oaks• White oaks - rounded leaf lobes,thinner walled xylem of summer wood,fruit matures in 1 yr• Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes,thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs*Fagaceae - oakswhite oak red oakQuercus alba - white oakWhite oak - Alleghenian species typicalof more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin*Fagaceae - oaksBur oak - Ozarkian element species ofxeric oak woodlands and oak savannasQuercus macrocarpa - bur oak*Fagaceae - oaksRed oak - more mesic member of the redoak group; black oak, hill’s oak are morexeric tolerantQuercus rubra - red oak*Fagaceae - oaks• Castanea, the chestnuts, have 2female flowers per spiny involucreCastanea dentata - American chestnut*Fagaceae - chestnutsCastanea dentata - Americanchestnut original distributionAmerican chestnutsMassachusetts in late1800s prior to 1904chestnut blightJapanese chestnut inConnecticut -resistant*Fagaceae - chestnutsWell known tree family containing walnuts, hickories, andpecans10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies*Juglandaceae - walnutsEngelhardia Juglans• Leaves pinnately compound,alternate• Leaves often aromatic from resinouspeltate glands; allelopathicJuglans cineraButternut, white walnutCarya ovatashagbark hickory*Juglandaceae - walnuts• Trees aremonoecious• Wind pollinatedfeaturesJuglans nigra - Black walnutFemale flowerMale inflorescence*Juglandaceae - walnuts• male flowers apetalous andarranged in pendulous catkins oraments on older stems• calyx small; each flower bractedCA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0Juglans regiaEnglish walnut*Juglandaceae - walnutsJuglans cineraButternut, white walnutCA 4 CO 0 A 0 G (2)• female flowers apetalous and in asmall group on this year’s new growth• calyx small, persistant, often fused toinvolucral bracts; 2 stigma featheryJuglans cineraButternut, white walnutJuglans nigraBlack walnut*Juglandaceae - walnutsCarya cordiformis Bitternut hickoryJuglans cineraButternut, white walnut• fruit a nut - single ovule fused to ovary wall• surrounded often by persistant involucral bracts which canbecome fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a “drupe”Juglans nigraBlack walnut*Juglandaceae - walnutsJuglans nigra - black walnut• black walnut: one of the mostprized of all lumber trees for finefurniture*Juglandaceae - walnuts• shagbark hickory: common tree ofmore mesic to xeric forests over muchof North America - oak/hickory forestsCarya ovata - shagbark hickory*Juglandaceae - hickories*Betulaceae - birchesNorth Temperate family of 6 genera and110 species of shrubs to trees - birchesand alders• both female and male (drooping)inflorescences are in aments/catkins• flowers possess no perianth• fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara,subtended by 3-lobed bract*Betulaceae - birchesBetula papyrifera - paper birchFemale inflorescenceMale inflorescence*Betulaceae - birchesBetula papyrifera -paper birchBetula allegheniensisYellow birch*Betulaceae - birchesOstrya virginiana - easternhop hornbeam, ironwoodAlnus, the aldersCorylus americanaHazelnut, filbertMyrica gale - sweet gale Comptonia peregrina - sweet fern• Small family 3 genera that fixatmospheric nitrogen• Dioecious shrubs or subshrubswith sweet aromatic smellMyricaceae - sweet galeCasuarina -evergreen withequisetoid leavesCasuarinaceae• small family of 100 species -the she oaks of Australia*Sapindales• long recognized group of 9 families• woody, compound leaves• nectar diskRutaceaeGeijera multiflorumSapindaceaeAcer platanoides• 1-2 seeded fruit*SapindalesBitter triterpenoids• chemically distinct (lemon smells)• preferential herbivory by hemipteranCalophyaCalophya on Schinus(Anacardiaceae)Rhus glabra - smooth sumacWoody, worldwide family (70/985)with alternate, compound leaves andpungent, often nasty volatiles orblack exudates (phenolics)*Anacardiaceae - sumacs• flowers are small, congested,variously unisexual or perfectbut with diskRhus glabra - smooth sumacSemecarpusMagnifera -mango*Anacardiaceae - sumacsCA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3)• one-seeded drupes (mango,pistachio, cashew)Rhus glabra - smooth sumacSemecarpusMagnifera -mango*Anacardiaceae - sumacsCA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3)Rhus hirta - staghorn sumac*Anacardiaceae - sumacsToxicodendron radicans - poison ivy: variable in habitToxicodendron includes our 3 poisonous species*Anacardiaceae - sumacsToxicodendron vernix - poison sumacMulti-stemmed shrub in wetlands*Anacardiaceae - sumacsOne of the most poisonous members of this family isthe source of Chinese or