Diversity and EvolutionDiversity and Evolutionofof Asterids Asterids. . . gentians, milkweeds, and. . . gentians, milkweeds, andpotatoes . . .potatoes . . .CoreCore Asterids Asterids•• two well supported lineages of the two well supported lineages of the ‘‘truetrue’’ or core or coreasteridsasteridslamiidslamiidscampanulidscampanulids•• ‘‘lamiidlamiid’’ or or AsteridAsterid I I group group•• ‘‘campanulidcampanulid’’ or or AsteridAsterid II II group group•• appear to have the typical fused appear to have the typical fused corolla derivedcorolla derivedindependentlyindependently and via two different floral and via two different floraldevelopmental pathwaysdevelopmental pathwaysEarly vs. LateEarly vs. Late Sympetaly Sympetalyeuasterids II - campanulidseuasterids II - campanulids euasterids I - lamiidseuasterids I - lamiidsCalendulaCalendula, Asteraceae, AsteraceaeAnchusaAnchusa, Boraginaceae, BoraginaceaeearlyearlylatelateGentianalesGentianales•• order within order within ‘‘lamiidlamiid’’ or or Asterid IAsterid I group group•• iridoidsiridoids, , opposite leaves, contorted corollaopposite leaves, contorted corolla•• 5 families and nearly 17,000 species dominated 5 families and nearly 17,000 species dominatedby by RubiaceaeRubiaceae (coffee) and (coffee) and ApocynaceaeApocynaceae(milkweed)(milkweed)RubiaceaeRubiaceaeApocynaceaeApocynaceaelamiidslamiidscampanulidscampanulidsGentianalesGentianalescorolla aestivationcorolla aestivation*Gentianaceae - gentians*Gentianaceae - gentiansCosmopolitan family of 87 genera and nearly 1700 species. Herbs to smallCosmopolitan family of 87 genera and nearly 1700 species. Herbs to smalltrees (in the tropics) or mycotrophs.trees (in the tropics) or mycotrophs.GentianaGentianaSymbolanthusSymbolanthusVoyriaVoyria*Gentianaceae - gentians*Gentianaceae - gentians•• opposite leaves opposite leaves•• glabrous - no hairs! glabrous - no hairs!GentianaGentianaBlackstoniaBlackstonia•• flowers right contorted flowers right contortedGentianaGentianaGentianopsisGentianopsis*Gentianaceae - gentians*Gentianaceae - gentiansCA (4-5) CA (4-5) CO (4-5) A 4CO (4-5) A 4-5 -5 G G (2)(2)•• flowers 4 or 5 merous flowers 4 or 5 merous•• pistil superior of pistil superior of 2 carpels2 carpels•• parietalparietal placentation; fruit capsular placentation; fruit capsularGentianaGentiana*Gentianaceae - gentians*Gentianaceae - gentiansGentianaGentiana is 5 merous, with plaits is 5 merous, with plaitsbetween each petal lobebetween each petal lobeGentiana andrewsiiGentiana andrewsii - -Bottle gentianBottle gentianGentiana puberulentaGentiana puberulenta - -Prairie gentianPrairie gentian*Gentianaceae - gentians*Gentianaceae - gentiansGentianopsisGentianopsis is 4 merous, with fringed is 4 merous, with fringedpetalspetalsGentianopsis proceraGentianopsis procera - fringed gentian - fringed gentian*Gentianaceae - gentians*Gentianaceae - gentiansGentianopsis crinitaGentianopsis crinita - -fringed gentianfringed gentianGentianellaGentianella is 4-5 merous, without is 4-5 merous, withoutfringe, and without plaits between petalfringe, and without plaits between petallobeslobesGentianella quinquefoliaGentianella quinquefolia - -stiff gentianstiff gentian*Gentianaceae - gentians*Gentianaceae - gentians•• woody gentianswoody gentians common in cloud forests of the common in cloud forests of theNeotropicsNeotropics•• hummingbird, bat, and bee pollinated hummingbird, bat, and bee pollinatedradiationsradiationsLisianthiusLisianthiusSymbolanthusSymbolanthus*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsWorldwide family of trees, vines, herbs with opposite leaves - 415 genera,Worldwide family of trees, vines, herbs with opposite leaves - 415 genera,4600 species.4600 species.PachypodiumPachypodiumPeriplocaPeriploca*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCaralluma europeaCaralluma europeacactus mimiccactus mimicVinca minorVinca minor - periwinkle - periwinkleIntroduced ground cover,Introduced ground cover,often spreadingoften spreadingAsclepias syriacaAsclepias syriacacommon milkweedcommon milkweedWorldwide family of trees, vines, herbs with opposite leaves - 415 genera,Worldwide family of trees, vines, herbs with opposite leaves - 415 genera,4600 species.4600 species.*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsMilky latexMilky latex commonly commonly poisonouspoisonous and andsource of medicinal drugs.source of medicinal drugs.Catharanthus roseusCatharanthus roseusMalagasy periwinkleMalagasy periwinkleAsclepias Asclepias & monarch& monarchcardiac glycosidescardiac glycosidesCurare vine - South AmericaCurare vine - South America*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsFamily is broadly defined and includes distinctive milkweeds of old familyFamily is broadly defined and includes distinctive milkweeds of old familyAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceaeTransition to moreTransition to moreelaborated elaborated ‘‘milkweedmilkweed’’flowersflowers*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsApocynum androsaemifoliumApocynum androsaemifoliumSpreading dogbaneSpreading dogbaneCA (5) CA (5) CO (5) A CO (5) A 5 5 GG 2 2•• flowers 5 merous flowers 5 merous•• left contortedleft contorted perianth perianth•• 2 separate carpels2 separate carpels - - folliclesfolliclesPeriplocaPeriplocaVincaVincaprimitiveprimitive*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCA (5) CA (5) CO (5) A CO (5) A 5 5 GG 2 2•• ‘‘pollenpollen presentationpresentation’’ - style plunger or bottle brush to expose pollen - style plunger or bottle brush to expose pollenprimitiveprimitive•• 5 stamens begin to 5 stamens begin tobe be conniventconnivent*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCA (5) CA (5) CO (5) A CO (5) A ((55)) GG 2 2derivedderived________________•• stamens fuse to each other and to style region - stamens fuse to each other and to style region -gynostegiumgynostegium•• pollen formspollen forms pollinia pollinia•• more seeds with more seeds with tufts of hairstufts of hairsAsclepias -Asclepias -milkweedmilkweed*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsNote 2 free carpels slightly fused at topNote 2 free carpels slightly fused at top*Apocynaceae - milkweeds*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCoronaCorona = hood + crest = hood + crestCorona for nectar rewardCorona for nectar