Diversity andEvolution of Rosids. . . willows, spurges, and maples . . .Dovyalis hebecarpa Oncoba spinosaChemically defined by salicins (salicylic acid). Manymembers of the tropical “Flacourtiaceae” with showy flowersalso have salicins and are now part of the Salicaceae*Salicaceae - willows, poplars55 genera, 1000+ species of shrubs/trees - 450 are willows(Salix), less numerous are poplars, aspens (Populus).Populus deltoides -American cottonwood*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsSalix babylonica -weeping willow*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsWillows (Salix) are dioecious trees of temperate regions withreduced flowers in aments - both insect and wind pollinatedSalix babylonica -weeping willowmalefemalemalefemale• nectar glands at base of bract allowsinsect as well as wind pollination• fruit is a capsule with cottony seedsfor wind dispersal*Salicaceae - willows, poplars• many species are “precocious” -flower before leaves flush in springSalix discolor -pussy willow*Salicaceae - willows, poplars• species vary from large trees, shrubs, to tiny tundrasubshrubs*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsSalix fragilis -crack willowSalix pedicellaris -bog willowSalix herbacea -dwarf willowPopulus deltoidesAmerican cottonwoodPopulus - poplars, cottonwood, aspensmalefemale*Salicaceae - willows, poplars• flowers possess a disk• cottony seeds in capsuleP. grandidentatabigtooth aspenP. tremuloidestrrembling aspen• aspens are clonal from rootsprouts, fast growing, lightwooded, and important forpulp in the paper industry*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsPopulus balsamiferaBalsam poplar, balm-of-gileadPopulus albaWhite poplarIntroduced from Europe*Salicaceae - willows, poplarsPopulus deltoides -American cottonwood*Salicaceae - willows, poplars*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesEuphorbiaceae s.l. ispolyphyletic and nowbroken into 3 familiesEuphorbiaceaePutranjivaceaePhyllanthaceae• large cosmopolitan family of trees,shrubs, and herbs of 222 genera and6000 species• leaves alternate, simple (oftenpalmately lobed) or palmatelycompound*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesRicinus - castor oil bean• latex bearing and filled withnasty chemicals (source ofrubber, castor oil, tapioca,poinsettia)Majority of the family has unisexualflowers, 5 sepals, no petals, numerousstamens, 3 fused carpels, and capsulesCA 5 CO 0 A ∞ G 0CA 5 CO 0 A 0 G (3)*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesmalefemaleCodianumA quite different arrangementof unisexual flowers is seen inmany of our spurges of thegenera Euphorbia andChamaesyce.Flower or inflorescence?*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesThe “flower” of ourflowering spurge is actuallya highly modifiedinflorescence = cyathiumShown here are 3 cyathia; thewhole unit here is onecyathium*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesEuphorbia corollata - flowering spurgeCyathium is composed of:glands*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesappendages of glands*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesCyathium is composed of:glands∞ male flowers, 1- stamened (no perianth) *Euphorbiaceae - spurgesappendages of glandsCyathium is composed of:glands∞ male flowers, 1- stamened (no perianth) *Euphorbiaceae - spurgesappendages of glandsCyathium is composed of:glands1 female flower (tricarpellate - 3 styles)Euphorbia esula - leafy spurge• one of several specieslabelled “obnoxiousweed” by state law*Euphorbiaceae - spurges*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesEuphorbia dendroidesEuphorbia pulcherrima - poinsettiaEuphorbia canariensisEuphorbia is a “giant” genus (> 2,000 spp.) with somespectacular radiations - is the cyathium a “key innovation”?Hura - poison arrow*Euphorbiaceae - spurgesManihot esculenta -manioc, cassava, tapioca Hevea - rubber• economically important membersfrom NeotropicsPassifloraceae - passion flowerSpectacular group of vines and trees in thepantropics - one ingrediant of Hawaiian punchPassifloraparietal placentationberry fruitPassifloraceae - passion flowerCo-evolutionary relationships involving leaf shapes, Heliconidbutterfly egg layers, extrafloral nectaries, and patrolling antsA small family of herbs most noted as the source of flax(linen), linseed oil, base chemicals for linoleum,Linaceae - flaxLinum bienneLinum narbonenseLinum sulcatum -grooved yellow flax& omega-3 essentialfatty acidsBruguieraRhizophoraceae - mangrovesRhizophora -red mangroveAsian and Madagascar tropical trees andone widespread mangroveByrsonima spicataMalpighiaceae - malpighsDiverse woody family of pantropical region with distinctiveclawed petals and floral nectaries.Malpighia Hiptage*Sapindales• long recognized group of 9 families• woody, compound leaves• nectar diskRutaceaeGeijera multiflorumSapindaceaeAcer platanoides• 1-2 seeded fruit*SapindalesBitter triterpenoids• chemically distinct (lemon smells)• preferential herbivory by hemipteranCalophyaCalophya on Schinus(Anacardiaceae)Rhus glabra - smooth sumacWoody, worldwide family (70/985)with alternate, compound leaves andpungent, often nasty volatiles orblack exudates (phenolics)*Anacardiaceae - sumacs• flowers are small, congested,variously unisexual or perfect butwith diskRhus glabra - smooth sumacSemecarpusMagnifera -mango*Anacardiaceae - sumacsCA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3)• one-seeded drupes (mango,pistachio, cashew)Rhus glabra - smooth sumacSemecarpusMagnifera -mango*Anacardiaceae - sumacsCA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-3)Rhus hirta - staghorn sumac*Anacardiaceae - sumacsToxicodendron radicans - poison ivy: variable in habitToxicodendron includes our 3 poisonous species*Anacardiaceae - sumacsToxicodendron vernix - poison sumacMulti-stemmed shrub in wetlands*Anacardiaceae - sumacsOne of the most poisonous members of this family is thesource of Japanese lacquer – Toxicodendron vernicifluum(urushiol compound)*Anacardiaceae - sumacs*Sapindaceae - maplesLargely tropical woody family of 735 genera and 1600 species andincludes previously recognized smaller temperate families (maples- Aceraceae, buckeyes - Hippocastanaceae)• most have opposite, compound leaves• 1-2 seeded drupes or samarasSapindus -soapberryAcer saccharum - sugar maple Acer rubrum - red maple*Sapindaceae - maplesThe family includes 2 of the most important or dominant treespecies in many of our forest types - sugar maple and red mapleCA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G (2)• maple flowers typically unisexual by abortion. Perianth 4-5 merous, butpetals lacking in sugar and silver maples and boxelder• nectariferous disk is often present in the whorl associated with stamens Acer platanoides - NorwaymapleIntroduced ornamentalMale