Diversity and Evolutionof Asterids. . . gentians, milkweeds, andpotatoes . . .Core Asterids• two well supported lineages of the ‘true’ or coreasteridslamiidscampanulids• ‘lamiid’ or Asterid I group• ‘campanulid’ or Asterid II group• appear to have the typical fused corolla derivedindependently and via two different floraldevelopmental pathwaysEarly vs. Late Sympetalyeuasterids II - campanulidseuasterids I - lamiidsCalendula, AsteraceaeAnchusa, BoraginaceaeearlylateGentianales• order within ‘lamiid’ or Asterid I group• iridoids, opposite leaves, contorted corolla• 5 families and nearly 17,000 species dominatedby Rubiaceae (coffee) and Apocynaceae(milkweed)Rubiaceae ApocynaceaelamiidscampanulidsGentianalescorolla aestivation*Gentianaceae - gentiansCosmopolitan family of 87 genera and nearly 1700 species. Herbs to smalltrees (in the tropics) or mycotrophs.Gentiana SymbolanthusVoyria*Gentianaceae - gentians• opposite leaves• glabrous - no hairs!GentianaBlackstonia• flowers right contortedGentianaGentianopsis*Gentianaceae - gentiansCA (4-5) CO (4-5) A 4-5 G (2)• flowers 4 or 5 merous• pistil superior of 2 carpels• parietal placentation; fruit capsularGentiana*Gentianaceae - gentiansGentiana is 5 merous, with plaitsbetween each petal lobeGentiana andrewsii -Bottle gentianGentiana puberulenta -Prairie gentian*Gentianaceae - gentiansGentianopsis is 4 merous, with fringedpetalsGentianopsis procera - fringed gentian*Gentianaceae - gentiansGentianopsis crinita -fringed gentianGentianella is 4-5 merous, withoutfringe, and without plaits between petallobesGentianella quinquefolia -stiff gentian*Gentianaceae - gentians• woody gentians common in cloud forests of theNeotropics• hummingbird, bat, and bee pollinatedradiationsLisianthiusSymbolanthus*Apocynaceae - milkweedsWorldwide family of trees, vines, herbs with opposite leaves - 415 genera,4600 species.Pachypodium Periploca*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCaralluma europeacactus mimicVinca minor - periwinkleIntroduced ground cover,often spreadingAsclepias syriacacommon milkweedWorldwide family of trees, vines, herbs with opposite leaves - 415 genera,4600 species.*Apocynaceae - milkweedsMilky latex commonly poisonous andsource of medicinal drugs.Catharanthus roseusMalagasy periwinkleAsclepias & monarchcardiac glycosidesCurare vine - South America*Apocynaceae - milkweedsFamily is broadly defined and includes distinctive milkweeds of old familyAsclepiadaceaeTransition to moreelaborated ‘milkweed’flowers*Apocynaceae - milkweedsApocynum androsaemifoliumSpreading dogbaneCA (5) CO (5) A 5 G 2• flowers 5 merous• left contorted perianth• 2 separate carpels - folliclesPeriplocaVincaprimitive*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCA (5) CO (5) A 5 G 2• ‘pollen presentation’ - style plunger or bottle brush to expose pollenprimitive• 5 stamens begin tobe connivent*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCA (5) CO (5) A (5) G 2derived________• stamens fuse to each other and to style region -gynostegium• pollen forms pollinia• more seeds with tufts of hairsAsclepias -milkweed*Apocynaceae - milkweedsNote 2 free carpels slightly fused at top*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCorona = hood + crestCorona for nectar rewardhoodcrest*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCorona = hood + crestGynostegium = A + GFusion of 5 stamens and top of gynoecium*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCorona = hood + crestGynoestegium = A + GPollinia = pollen massGland is attached to 2 pollinia*Apocynaceae - milkweedsCorona = hood + crestGynoestegium = A + GPollinia = pollen massGland is attached to 2 pollinia*Apocynaceae - milkweedsBee removing pollinia or inserting polliniainto stigmatic cleft*Apocynaceae - milkweeds“Las Vegas” strategy of pollination; but whenoccurs, all ∞ ovules are fertilized. Typicallyfew follicles are produced per plant. Noteseeds with coma attached for wind dispersal.Asclepias amplexicaulis - Clasping milkweed*Apocynaceae - milkweedsApocynum androsaemifoliumSpreading dogbaneApocynum sibiricumHemp dogbane*Apocynaceae - milkweedsApocynum androsaemifoliumSpreading dogbaneApocynum sibiricumHemp dogbane*Apocynaceae - milkweedsAsclepias syriaca - CommonmilkweedAsclepias tuberosa - Butterfly weedAsclepias incarnata -Swamp milkweed*Rubiaceae - coffeeCosmopolitan family, most diverse in tropics, of 550 genera and over10,000 species• trees, shrubs, lianas, and herbs• important drug familyPsychotria nervosaHoustonia caerula-azure bluetsCinchona -quinine*Rubiaceae - coffeeCosmopolitan family, most diverse in tropics, of 550 genera and over10,000 species• opposite (whorled) leaves with inter-petiolar stipulesGalium (bedstraw) -are these stipules?*Rubiaceae - coffeeCA (4-5) CO (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) • 4 merous in temperate regions, 5 merous intropics - tendency to cluster• only epigynous family in Gentianales• fruit usually a 2-seeded drupeGalium - bedstrawWisconsinPentagoniaPanama—*Rubiaceae - coffeeGalium aparine - cleaversCleavers and bedstraws are numerous; separatedby number of whorled leaves and fruit type*Rubiaceae - coffeeHoustonia caerula- azure bluets*Rubiaceae - coffeeMitchella repensPartridge berry, twin-berryNote: paired flowers abovewith connate pistils; “twin”berry to right*Rubiaceae - coffeeCephalanthus occidentalis - buttonbushOnly shrub in Wisconsin; note “heads” oftiny 4 merous flowers*Rubiaceae - coffeeIsertiaCoffea arabica -coffee*Rubiaceae - coffeeCephaelis tomentosahotlipsPsychotria nervosa• the giant genus Psychotria is paraphyletic and includes more specializedgenera (e.g., condensed, bracted inflorescences)Solanales• order within ‘lamiids’ or Asterid l group• no iridoids, alternate leaves, plicate corolla,calyx persistent in fruit• 5 families and nearly 5,000 species dominatedby Solanaceae (nightshade) and Convolvulaceae(morning glory)SolanaceaeConvolvulaceaelamiidscampanulids*Solanaceae - nightshades• Alternate leaved• Cyme or dichasium inflorescenceLarge cosmopolitan family of herbs, shrubs, or trees with nasty compounds.Important for source of foods (potato, tomato, pepper) and drugs.BrugmansiaNicotiana - tobacco*Solanaceae - nightshadesSolanum dulcamaraBittersweetCA (5) CO (5) A 5 G (2)• 5- merous flowers• axile placentation• berry fruitedSolanum carolinense -Horse nettleCapsicum - pepper*Solanaceae - nightshadesCA (5) CO (5) A 5 G (2)• stamens often terminal pored forbuzz pollination by beesSolanum carolinense -Horse nettle*Solanaceae - nightshadesCA (5) CO