Diversity and EvolutionDiversity and Evolutionof Monocotsof Monocots. . .. . . palms, spiderworts palms, spiderworts, bananas,, bananas, and andpineapples pineapples . . .. . .CommelinidsCommelinids4 main groups:4 main groups:•• Acorales Acorales - sister to all monocots- sister to all monocots•• Alismatids Alismatids–– inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit•• Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams)–– non-monophyletic non-monophyletic–– petaloid petaloid•• CommelinidsCommelinids–– Arecales Arecales –– palms palms–– Commelinales Commelinales –– spiderwort spiderwort–– Zingiberales Zingiberales ––bananabanana–– Poales Poales–– pineapple pineapple–– grasses & sedges grasses & sedgesCommelinidsCommelinids•• strongly monophyletic! strongly monophyletic!•• bound bound ferulic acidferulic acid in cell walls in cell walls(fluoresce under UV with(fluoresce under UV withammonium hydroxide added)ammonium hydroxide added)•• this feature allowed placement of this feature allowed placement ofDasypogonaceaeDasypogonaceae•• largest group of monocots ranging largest group of monocots rangingfrom palms to grassesfrom palms to grassesCommelinidsCommelinidsDasypogonaceaeDasypogonaceae4 genera - W Australia4 genera - W AustraliaCommelinidsCommelinids•• theme: reduction of flower, loss of theme: reduction of flower, loss ofnectar, loss of zoophily, evolution ofnectar, loss of zoophily, evolution ofbractsbractspickeral weedpickeral weedrapateadrapateadgrassgrassbromeliadbromeliad*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palms•• the order has one family - also the order has one family - alsocalled Palmaecalled Palmae•• 190 genera and 2400 species of 190 genera and 2400 species oftrees and shrubstrees and shrubs•• tropics, subtropics, deserts, tropics, subtropics, deserts,Mediterranean biomesMediterranean biomes*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palms•• greatest center of diversity in greatest center of diversity inMalay archipelago, thenMalay archipelago, thenAmazoniaAmazonia•• depauperate in Africa, but depauperate in Africa, butdiverse in Madagascardiverse in MadagascarMalaysiaMalaysiaMadagascarMadagascar*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palms•• Rattan palms - a plant group that honors the Wallace Rattan palms - a plant group that honors the WallaceBiogeographic LineBiogeographic Line•• Asian distribution with few species passing through Sulawesi Asian distribution with few species passing through Sulawesior New Guineaor New GuineaRattan palm & genericRattan palm & genericdistributionsdistributions*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsSyagrusSyagrus - lilliput palm of Paraguay - lilliput palm of ParaguayJubaeaJubaea - Chilean wine palm - Chilean wine palmGreat morphological diversity: Great morphological diversity: in staturein stature*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsLodoicea maldivicaLodoicea maldivica - Seychelles palm or double nut - Seychelles palm or double nutGreat morphological diversity: Great morphological diversity: largest seed of seed plantslargest seed of seed plantsLodoicea maldivicaLodoicea maldivica - Seychelles palm or double nut - Seychelles palm or double nutThis genus of 1 species endemic to the Seychelles has generatedThis genus of 1 species endemic to the Seychelles has generatedinterest in having the largest seed, and in that the shape of theinterest in having the largest seed, and in that the shape of theseed has suggested the devil's work or aphrodisiacal properties.seed has suggested the devil's work or aphrodisiacal properties.What is unusualWhat is unusualabout how thisabout how thisspecies was firstspecies was firstdiscovered?discovered?*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsGreat morphological diversity: Great morphological diversity: largest leaflargest leafRaffiaRaffia - rattan - rattan. . . and. . . and largest inflorescence largest inflorescenceCoryphaCoryphaRoystoniaRoystonia*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsVegetative characteristicsVegetative characteristics•• ““woodywoody”” stems stems via primary via primarythickening meristem or diffusethickening meristem or diffusesecondary growthsecondary growth•• essentially hardened leaf bases essentially hardened leaf bases•• single apical meristem: single apical meristem:succeptible to frostsucceptible to frost*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsVegetative characteristicsVegetative characteristics•• palmate or pinnate palmate or pinnate compoundcompound,,sheathing, sheathing, plicateplicate or folded or folded*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsFloral characteristicsFloral characteristics•• inflorescence surrounded by inflorescence surrounded byspathespathe - once allied with aroids - once allied with aroids*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsFloral characteristicsFloral characteristics•• flowers unisexual or bisexual flowers unisexual or bisexualCA 3 CO 3 A 3,6,CA 3 CO 3 A 3,6,∞∞ GG 3 or (3) 3 or (3)*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsFloral characteristicsFloral characteristics•• fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupeArecaAreca Betel palm Betel palmCocosCocos coconut coconutNypa fruticansNypa fruticanssalt marshsalt marshCalamus radicalisCalamus radicalisHawaiiHawaii*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsClassification: 5 subfamiliesClassification: 5 subfamilies•• Nypoideae and Calamoideae are first diverging Nypoideae and Calamoideae are first diverging*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsImportant palms: foodImportant palms: foodCocos nuciferaCocos nucifera - -coconutcoconutPhoenixPhoenix - Date palm - Date palm*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsImportant palms: foodImportant palms: foodChyrtostachysChyrtostachys - -sealing wax palmsealing wax palm*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsImportant palms: oil, waxImportant palms: oil, waxElaeisElaeis - oil - oilpalmpalmRoystoneaRoystonea - Royal Palm - Royal PalmWashingtoniaWashingtonia in inSanta MonicaSanta Monica*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsImportant palms: horticultureImportant palms: horticulturePalm House at Kew RoyalPalm House at Kew RoyalBotanic Garden - largestBotanic Garden - largestglass house in the worldglass house in the worldwith the largest glass housewith the largest glass houseplant - Chilean wine palmplant - Chilean wine palm*Arecaceae - palms*Arecaceae - palmsImportant palms: horticultureImportant palms: