Diversity and EvolutionDiversity and Evolutionof Monocotsof Monocots. . . lilioids . . .. . . lilioids . . .4 main groups:4 main groups:•• Acorales Acorales - sister to all monocots- sister to all monocots•• Alismatids Alismatids–– inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit•• Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams)Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams)–– non-monophyletic non-monophyletic–– petaloid petaloid•• Commelinoids Commelinoids–– Arecales Arecales –– palms palms–– Commelinales Commelinales –– spiderwort spiderwort–– Zingiberales Zingiberales ––bananabanana–– Poales Poales–– pineapple pineapple–– grasses & sedges grasses & sedgesLilioidsLilioidsLilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocotsThe lilioid monocots represent fiveThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,showy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidstulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Majority are defined by 6 features:1. 1. Terrestrial/epiphytesTerrestrial/epiphytes: plants: plantstypically not aquatictypically not aquaticLilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocotsThe lilioid monocots represent fiveThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,showy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidstulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Majority are defined by 6 features:2. 2. GeophytesGeophytes: herbaceous above: herbaceous aboveground with below groundground with below groundmodified perennial stems: bulbs,modified perennial stems: bulbs,corms, rhizomes, tuberscorms, rhizomes, tubersLilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocots. . . thus common in two biomes. . . thus common in two biomes•• temperate forest understory temperate forest understory(low light, over-winter)(low light, over-winter)•• Mediterranean (arid summer, Mediterranean (arid summer,cool wet winter)cool wet winter)Lilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocotsThe lilioid monocots represent fiveThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,showy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidstulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Majority are defined by 6 features:3. 3. Leaves without petioleLeaves without petiole: leaf: leafblade typically broader andblade typically broader andattached directly to stem withoutattached directly to stem withoutpetiolepetioleLilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocots4. 4. TepalsTepals: showy perianth in 2: showy perianth in 2series of 3 each; usually allseries of 3 each; usually allpetaloid, or outer series notpetaloid, or outer series notgreen and sepal-like & with green and sepal-like & with nonobractsbractsThe lilioid monocots represent fiveThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,showy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidstulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Majority are defined by 6 features:Lilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocots5. 5. NectariesNectaries: usually well-: usually well-developed nectar tissue at thedeveloped nectar tissue at thebase of ovary or stamens; insectbase of ovary or stamens; insector bird-pollinatedor bird-pollinatedThe lilioid monocots represent fiveThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,showy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidstulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Majority are defined by 6 features:Lilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocots6. 6. Capsule/berryCapsule/berry: fruit a 3-: fruit a 3-parted capsule or berryparted capsule or berryThe lilioid monocots represent fiveThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,showy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidstulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Majority are defined by 6 features:Lilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocotsExceptions abound! - most peopleExceptions abound! - most peoplehave classified Pontederiaceaehave classified Pontederiaceaewith lilioids (tepals, nectar)with lilioids (tepals, nectar)Systematic issues with this group:Systematic issues with this group:Pontederia cordataPontederia cordata - Pickerel weed - Pickerel weed [Commelinid][Commelinid]Lilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocotsWill the real Will the real ““LiliaceaeLiliaceae”” please pleasestand up!stand up!Systematic issues with this group:Systematic issues with this group:CA 3 CO 3 A 6 CA 3 CO 3 A 6 GG (3) (3)The The floral pattern in floral pattern in ““LiliaceaeLiliaceae”” is isplesiomorphicplesiomorphic (primitive) for the (primitive) for theentire group of petaloid monocotsentire group of petaloid monocotsLiliaceae thus included a lot ofLiliaceae thus included a lot ofunrelated taxa that are now placedunrelated taxa that are now placedin at least three orders in at least three orders (warning:(warning:Gleason&Cronquist & UWGleason&Cronquist & UWHerbarium website still usesHerbarium website still usesLiliaceae sensu lato)Liliaceae sensu lato)LiliumLilium - lily (Liliaceae) - lily (Liliaceae)Lilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocotsWill the real Will the real ““LiliaceaeLiliaceae”” please pleasestand up!stand up!Systematic issues with this group:Systematic issues with this group:. . . and anything deviating from the. . . and anything deviating from thegeneralized form placed in separategeneralized form placed in separatefamiliesfamiliese.g., e.g., TrilliaceaeTrilliaceae for flowers for flowerswith 3 green sepalswith 3 green sepalsTrilliumTrillium - trillium - trilliumLilioids - petaloid monocotsLilioids - petaloid monocotsWill the real Will the real ““LiliaceaeLiliaceae”” please pleasestand up!stand up!Systematic issues with this group:Systematic issues with this group:. . . and anything deviating from the. . . and anything deviating from thegeneralized form