Diversity and Evolutionof Monocots. . . lilioids . . .4 main groups:• Acorales - sister to all monocots• Alismatids– inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit• Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams)– non-monophyletic– petaloid• Commelinoids– Arecales – palms– Commelinales – spiderwort– Zingiberales –banana– Poales– pineapple– grasses & sedgesLilioidsLilioids - petaloid monocotsThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:1. Terrestrial/epiphytes: plantstypically not aquaticLilioids - petaloid monocotsThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:2. Geophytes: herbaceous aboveground with below groundmodified perennial stems: bulbs,corms, rhizomes, tubersLilioids - petaloid monocots. . . thus common in two biomes• temperate forest understory(low light, over-winter)• Mediterranean (arid summer,cool wet winter)Lilioids - petaloid monocotsThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:3. Leaves without petiole: leafblade typically broader andattached directly to stem withoutpetioleLilioids - petaloid monocots4. Tepals: showy perianth in 2series of 3 each; usually allpetaloid, or outer series notgreen and sepal-like & with nobractsThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Lilioids - petaloid monocots5. Nectaries: usually well-developed nectar tissue at thebase of ovary or stamens; insector bird-pollinatedThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Lilioids - petaloid monocots6. Capsule/berry: fruit a 3-parted capsule or berryThe lilioid monocots represent fiveorders and contain most of theshowy monocots such as lilies,tulips, blue flags, and orchidsMajority are defined by 6 features:Lilioids - petaloid monocotsExceptions abound! - most peoplehave classified Pontederiaceaewith lilioids (tepals, nectar)Systematic issues with this group:Pontederia cordata - Pickerel weed [Commelinid]Lilioids - petaloid monocotsWill the real “Liliaceae” pleasestand up!Systematic issues with this group:CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3)The floral pattern in “Liliaceae” isplesiomorphic (primitive) for theentire group of petaloid monocotsLiliaceae thus included a lot ofunrelated taxa that are now placedin at least three orders (warning:Gleason&Cronquist & UWHerbarium website still usesLiliaceae sensu lato)Lilium - lily (Liliaceae)Lilioids - petaloid monocotsWill the real “Liliaceae” pleasestand up!Systematic issues with this group:. . . and anything deviating from thegeneralized form placed in separatefamiliese.g., Trilliaceae for flowerswith 3 green sepalsTrillium - trilliumLilioids - petaloid monocotsWill the real “Liliaceae” pleasestand up!Systematic issues with this group:. . . and anything deviating from thegeneralized form placed in separatefamiliese.g., Amaryllidaceae forflowers with inferior ovaryEucharisLilioids - petaloid monocotsWill the real “Liliaceae” pleasestand up!Systematic issues with this group:. . . and anything deviating from thegeneralized form placed in separatefamiliese.g., Smilacaceae for vineyplants with petioled leavesSmilax - catbriarLilioids - petaloid monocotsWill the real “Liliaceae” pleasestand up!Systematic issues with this group:. . . and anything deviating from thegeneralized form placed in separatefamiliese.g., many families that are“woody”Dracaena - dragon treeLilioids - petaloid monocotsFive orders - highlight 3 families:Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. (lilies)Asparagales: *Iridaceae (iris)Asparagales: *Orchidaceae(orchids)Briefly examine:• other “Liliaceae” families ofthese two order• yams and screw pines ofDioscoreales and PandanalesCA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3)Lilium - lily (Liliaceae)Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - liliesNorth temperate family of 16 generaand 700 species• bulbed or rhizomatousperennials• leaves withoutpetioles, stemmed orbasal• “Liliaceae” flower(tepals) but oftenspotted• capsule or berryMedeola virginica - Indian cucumber rootLiliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - liliesClintonia borealis - Yellow blue-bead lilyLiliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - liliesTulipa sp. - tulipErythronium americanum - yellow trout lilyLiliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - liliesSmall family, mainly of SouthHemisphere, climbers via tendrils(modified stipules), starchy tubers,large, net-veined leaves anddefinite petioleSmilax herbacea - bristly greenbriarLiliales: Smilacaceae - catbriarsFlowers unisexual, dioeciousplants; carrion flowers are foetidMale umbel Female umbelFruit an umbel of black berries(red berries are from jack-in-thepulpit)Liliales: Smilacaceae - catbriarsTrillium grandiflorum - large flowered trilliumTrillium recurvatum - prairie trilliumLiliales: MelanthiaceaeZigadenus death camasXerophyllum beargrassLiliales: MelanthiaceaeUvularia grandiflora - bellwortLiliales: ColchicaceaeLiliales: ColchicaceaeColchicum autumnale -meadow saffronDisrupts spindle mechanismin mitosisAsparagales: sister to the Commelinids• in the Lilioid grade,Asparagales is sister to theCommelinids• characterized by phytomelanin seed coats and arum-typemychorrizal connection (vs.Paris-type in Liliales)(more on Asparagales vs.Liliales in a second)Asparagales: sister to the Commelinids• much of the orderAsparagales had beenincluded in “Liliaceae”• Iridaceae (iris family) is theother large family• Orchidaceae is sister to therest of the orderAsparagales vs. Liliales?http://nature.berkeley.edu/blogs/freshfaces/2007/05/liliales_vs_asp.phpThese two give me aheadache! Mainly becausethere have been hugechanges in the taxonomy ofpetaloid monocots over thepast 30+ years.So here's a few pointers:Asparagales vs. Liliales?http://nature.berkeley.edu/blogs/freshfaces/2007/05/liliales_vs_asp.php• Inferior ovary? AlwaysAsparagales• Spotted, not an Orchid or Iris?Liliales• Fruit blackened & crusty(Phytomelan crust)?Asparagales• Fruit not with Phytomelan?Liliales unless Orchidaceae?• 3-merous? Could be eitherAsparagales vs.