Diversity and Evolutionof Rosids. . . hemp, figs, and legumes . . .*Rosales - continued• Rosaceae is sister to all otherfamilies of the order• tendencies in rest of the order toloss of petals and shift to unisexualflowers with wind pollination orspecialized insect pollinationrosehopsN2 fixingclade52 genera 925 species of trees and shrubs in the tropics andtemperate areasRhamnaceae - buckthorns• several genera have extensiveradiations (Phylica, Rhamnus,Ceanothus)PhylicaRhamnus 52 genera 925 species of trees and shrubs in the tropics andtemperate areas• many of our speciesare armed with thorns• leaves are simple andalternate or opposite,often with arcuatevenation (arcing alongthe edge), and serratededgesRhamnus cathartica - European or common buckthorn [invasive]Rhamnaceae - buckthorns• flowers 4 or 5merous (4 merousshown in commonbuckthorn)• stamens opposite thepetals - unusual inflowering plants!Rhamnus cathartica - European or common buckthornRhamnaceae - buckthornsCA 4,5 CO 4,5 A 4,5 G (3)• fruits one-seededdrupes• shrubs oftenconfused with cherriesand holliesRhamnus cathartica - European or common buckthornRhamnaceae - buckthornsCA 4,5 CO 4,5 A 4,5 G (3)Rhamnaceae - buckthornsRhamnus alnifolia alder leaf buckthorn [native]Rhamnus frangulaGlossy buckthorn [invasive]Rhamnaceae - buckthornsCeanothus americanus New Jersey tea - N2 fixing3 genera 45 species of trees and shrubs largely in northtemperate areasElaeagnaceae - Russian olive• N2-fixing smalltrees and shrubseasily recognizedby silvery orreddish glandularhairs coveringbottom leavesand/or stemsElaeagnus angustifolia - Russian olive3 genera 45 species of trees and shrubs largely in northtemperate areasElaeagnaceae - Russian olive• 4 merousflowers and berryfruitsElaeagnus angustifolia - Russian oliveShepherdia -buffalo berryElaeagnaceae - Russian oliveShepherdia argentea - silverbuffalo-berry (western N. Am.)Shepherdia canadensis -buffalo-berryBuffalo-berries are NorthAmerican species withopposite leavesRosales - Urticalean FamiliesThe remainder of the Rosales show the transition to reduced,unisexual flowers and one-seeded fruits - “Urticales”*Ulmaceae - elms6 genera 35 species of NorthTemperate trees• best known for the American elmwith its distinctive vase shapedgrowth form. Dutch Elm disease,caused by the fungus Ceratostomellaumli, has destroyed most large adults.Ulmus americana - American elm*Ulmaceae - elms• leaves are distichously arranged - 2ranks in one plane - and pinnatelyveined; leaf bases are stronglyasymmetricZelkova serrata - EuropeanUlmus americana - American elm*Ulmaceae - elms• flowers are bisexual butreduced and wind pollinated;they appear before the leavesUlmus americana - American elmCA 4-8 CO 0 A 4-8 G (2)*Ulmaceae - elms• pistil is made of two fusedcarpels but only one seedmatures; fruit is a samara - awinged achene in this caseNote 2 styles on samaraUlmus americana - American elmCA 4-8 CO 0 A 4-8 G (2)Cannabaceae - hackberry, hops• families Celtidaceae(hackberry) and Cannabaceae(hops, hemp) are now mergedinto one - Cannabaceae with 11genera and 170 speciesCannabaceae• first of the unisexual floweredlineages within RosalesCannabaceae - hackberry, hops• Celtis (hackberries ) and relatives are tropical and temperatesmall trees with unisexual flowersCeltis occidentalis - hackberry• leaves are stronglypalmi-pinnate - with 3main veins at base• this leaf featuresdefines all the otherremaining urticaleanfamiliesCannabaceae - hackberry, hops• note distinctive warty bark• fruit is a one-seeded drupeCeltis occidentalis - hackberryCannabaceae - hackberry, hopsCannabis sativaHemp, marijuana• Cannabis with one species is acoarse herb native to Eurasia• two subspecies are recognized:one the source of the drug _9tetrahydrocannibol (THC) and theother the source of hemp fiber/oilhemp rope manila ropeCannabaceae - hackberry, hopsCannabaceae - hackberry, hopsFemale inflorescenceSeeds 1-seededCannabis sativaHemp, marijuanaMale inflorescence• Cannabis is eitherdioecious or monoecioussubsp. sativasubsp. indicaweakly intoxicantstrongly intoxicantfiber & oilcultivarnarcoticcultivarvar. sativavar. spontaneavar. kafiristanicavar. indica“wild”“domesticate”Cannabaceae - hackberry, hops“A practical and natural taxonomy forCannabis” Small & Cronquist, 1976• Cannabis sativa L.• Cannabis sativa is in alllegal statutes (not C. indica)Cannabaceae - hackberry, hopsJ Forensic Sci. 1976 Apr;21(2):239-51.The forensic taxonomic debate on Cannabis: semantic hokum.Small E.It has been asserted that there are legal species of marihuana plants, and this contentionhas generated frequent court challenges of criminal prosecutions involving marihuana.Invariably the claim is made that the name C. sativa used in legislation is insufficientlycomprehensive to proscribe all forms of marihuana. The maneuver being used,alarmingly, is potentially applicable to innumerable other materials, but its success isbased on a failure to appreciate the subjective nature of taxonomy and the little-knownbut critical ambiguities which are inherent in scientific names. The complex principlesand operational conventions of biological nomenclature are presented in elementaryfashion. Despite important technical constraints on the use of scientific names, some factsare clear: these names are used subjectively, they may be highly ambiguous, the consensuson use of these names is liable to change with time and, most important, quite permissiblythey may have substantially different meanings to different users. The claim that thereare legal species of Cannabis merely amounts to a semantic ploy in which certain of thevariants of Cannabis that have customarily been understood to be denoted by the speciesname C. sativa, and which are clearly understood to be proscribed, are simply arbitrarilyredefined as different species. This ploy has proven unsuccessful in all cases wherescientific evidence was adequately presented by the state and in all important court caseswhere the issue was critically examined.Cannabaceae - hackberry, hopsHumulus lupulusAmerican hops• Humulus has two vineyhop species: one is thesource of lupulin used inthe brewing industrymale flowersfemale flowersCannabaceae - hackberry, hops• hops long in cultivation;notice the hop femaleinflorescence which issource of beer flavoring -lupulin12th century mural in theMiddle EastNorth Americanhop farmingHumulus japonicusJapanese hops