xxNomenclature -what’s in a name?Cypripedium reginaeshowy lady’s-slipperqueen lady’s-slipperCypripedium hirsutumCypripedium spectabileTwo of the goals for Systematics:1. Identify and name speciesCypripedium acauleStemless lady slipper2. Classify or place the species in groupsPlantaeMagnoliophytaLiliopsidaAsparagalesOrchidaceaeCypripediumCypripedium acauleKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesHierarchical classificationNomenclature - Using Names“Latin is a language asdead as dead can be.First it killed theRomans, and now itskilling me!”(previous Botany 400 student)Nomenclature - Using Names(previous Bot 400 student)Which of the following is a nota true rose in the genus Rosa inthe rose family (Rosaceae)?1. Moss rose2. Lenten rose3. Rose-of-Sharon4. Hairy alpine rose[answer later today]"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose."Gertrude Stein1913 “Sacred Emily”• descriptive, colorful• easy to remember• only names for most peopleCommon NamesAdvantages?Stemless lady’s slipperMoccasin flowerPink lady’s slipper• one species = many common namesDisadvantages?Common NamesEuropean white waterlily• 15 names in English• 44 in French• 81 in Dutch• 105 in GermanNymphaea alba L.245 common names butonly 1 Latin name• descriptive, colorful• easy to remember• only names for most peopleCommon NamesAdvantages?e.g., fireweed• one species = many commonnamesDisadvantages?• one common name = 2+speciesEpilobium — eveningprimrose familyErectites —aster family• descriptive, colorful• easy to remember• only names for most peopleCommon NamesAdvantages?• one species = many commonnamesDisadvantages?Lythrum —loosestrife familyLysimachia —primrose familye.g., loosestrife• one common name = 2+species• descriptive, colorful• easy to remember• only names for most peopleCommon NamesAdvantages?• one species = many commonnamesDisadvantages?• one name = 2+ species• names can be confusingSweet fern(not a fern!)• descriptive, colorful• easy to remember• only names for most peopleCommon NamesAdvantages?• one species = many commonnamesDisadvantages?• one name = 2+ species• names can be confusingPineapple(not a conifer or apple!)• descriptive, colorful• easy to remember• only names for most peopleCommon NamesAdvantages?• one species = many commonnamesDisadvantages?• one name = 2+ species• names can be confusingWelcome-home-husband-no-matter-how-drunk-ye-be(also called Hen & chicks)• descriptive, colorful• easy to remember• only names for most peopleCommon NamesAdvantages?• one species = many commonnamesDisadvantages?• one name = 2+ species• names can be confusing• most plants have no common nameCarex buxbaumii? Buxbaum’s sedgeScientific NamesCarex buxbaumii Wahlenb.Necessary• all species need names• uniform system of namingto avoid confusionScientific NamesArabidopsis thalianaNecessary• all species need names• uniform system of namingto avoid confusion• facilitates information -retrievalScientific NamesNecessary• all species need names• uniform system of namingto avoid confusion• facilitates information -retrieval• International Code ofNomenclature for fungi,algae, and plants (ICN)adopted – 2011 MelbourneScientific NamesDescriptive! (at least some times)May-applePodophyllum peltatum - “umbrella footleaf”Scientific names - why binomials?Scientific NamesSerratula foliislanceolato oblongisserratis pendulis“The species ofSerratula with leavesoblong to lanceolateshaped, serrate edged,and drooping”Carolus Linnaeus on a field trip - using polynomials –describing the New York ironweedpolynomialbinomialScientific NamesScientific names - why binomials?Scientific NamesScientific names - why binomials?Caspar Bauhin originally devisedthe binomial plan 100 years earlierWhich would you rather learn?Serratula noveboracensisSerratula foliis lanceolatooblongis serratis pendulisorSpecies name = binomial (2 names): Serratula noveboracensisScientific NamesThe species nameGenus name: Serratula• capitalized• italicized or underlined• plural = generaSpecific epithet or trivialname: noveboracensis• not capitalized• italicized or underlined• Latin ending agrees ingender with genus nameSerratula noveboracensis L.Scientific name = species name + authority: Serratula noveboracensis L.Scientific NamesThe scientific nameSpecies name: SerratulanoveboracensisAuthority: Linnaeus• (abbreviated “L.”) - thename of the person orpersons who provided thisbinomial for this speciesSerratula noveboracensis L.Scientific NamesSynonyms - duplicate namesFrench botanist Andre Michaux transfers New Yorkironweed to genus VernoniaVernonia noveboracensis (L.)Michx.Parenthetical authority =Linnaeus (first used thespecific epithet for thisspecies)Authority = Michaux(came up with thisbinomial)Serratula noveboracensis L.Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx.Type MethodBecause of synonomy - proliferation ofscientific names - the type method isused to track names and lessenconfusionEvery species name must be linked toan herbarium specimen and depositedin an herbariumHolotype: the particular specimendesignated by the author, whichautomatically fixes the application ofthe name----type: other specimens to replaceholotype when lost or unknownType MethodThe Berlin Herbarium – 3rd largestherbarium in the world – lost over20,000 holotypes in May 1944 due toAllied bombingHolotype: the particular specimendesignated by the author, whichautomatically fixes the application ofthe name----type: other specimens to replaceholotype when lost or unknownType MethodRequired steps in authoring a name for aputative new species of Cannabis:Type MethodRequired steps in authoring a name for aputative new species of Cannabis:• Find binomial not already takenCannabis americanaCannabis chinensisCannabis erraticaCannabis foetensCannabis generalisCannabis giganteaCannabis indicaCannabis intersitaCannabis kafiristanicaCannabis lupulusCannabis macrospermaCannabis ruderalisCannabis sativaSpecific epithets occupied in CannabisType MethodRequired steps in authoring a name for aputative new species of Cannabis:• Find binomial not already takenName after someone important?C. obamaei C. sytsmaeiX XCannabis bielemaeiType MethodRequired steps in authoring a name for aputative new species of Cannabis:• Make a type specimen & deposit inWisconsin State Herbarium Lyon & Zaborsky 1606 (WIS)• Latin or English description of new species• Publish in