Magnoliophyta - AngiospermsSurvey of Angiosperms — using APG systemAmborella trichopodaMagnoliophyta - AngiospermsSurvey of Angiosperms — using APG systemWhat is the APG classification?‘Basal angiosperms’• ANITA (‘basal families’)• magnoliid complex• monocotsEudicots or tricolpates (3 pored pollen)• caryophyllids• rosids• asteridsWe will begin our survey ofangiosperms by examining the‘basal angiosperms’ - those groupsthat are now shown to be the oldestdiverging – paraphyletic!We will look at the monocots - a‘basal angiosperm group’ - at theend of the classBasal AngiospermsThese include all those shownhere except the eudicots whichare the bulk of dicotsWhat are basal angiosperms?Basal AngiospermspolypetalyhypogynyactinomorphicCharles Bessey’s order Ranalesare most of the dicot basalangiospermsMagnolia = primitiveand monocotsWhat are basal angiosperms?Basal AngiospermsCronquist’s subclass Magnoliidae . . .Cronquistand monocotsWhat are basal angiosperms?Basal AngiospermsExhibit a suite of primitivecharacter states1. Many parts at each whorlWhat are basal angiosperms?Basal AngiospermsExhibit a suite of primitivecharacter states1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpelsDrimys WinteraceaeWhat are basal angiosperms?Basal AngiospermsExhibit a suite of primitivecharacter states1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels3. Follicle fruitsLeaf-like folliclesWhat are basal angiosperms?Basal AngiospermsExhibit a suite of primitivecharacter states1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels3. Follicle fruitsLaminar stamens inyellow waterlily4. Laminar stamensWhat are basal angiosperms?Basal AngiospermsExhibit a suite of primitivecharacter states1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels3. Follicle fruits4. Laminar stamens5. Tracheids, no vessel elementsWhat are basal angiosperms?Basal AngiospermsExhibit a suite of primitivecharacter states1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels3. Follicle fruits4. Laminar stamens5. Tracheids, no vessel elements6. Pollen grains single pored,apertured, furrowed; nottriaperturate, tricolpateLilium (monocot)uniaperturateThe ‘ANITA’ group forms a basal grade (paraphyletic)‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsName derived from initials of members*Amborellaceae (order Amborellales)‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsAmborella trichopoda — only 1 species from New Caledonia*Amborellaceae (order Amborellales)‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms• dioecious (unisexual) evergreenshrub with no vessels• P 5-8 A ∞ G 5-6• perianth spiralled• apocarpic, not sealed• fruits 1 seeded, drupe-likeIlliciaceae + Schisandraceae (now combined into latter family)‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms• aromatic shrubs/vines, used in anise liquers• Asian tropics and subtropics & disjunct inEastern North AmericaIllicium SchisandraceaeIlliciaceae + Schisandraceae‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsP ∞ A ∞ G ∞• not sealed carpels, 1 seededfolliclesJapanese aniseTrimeniaceae: Trimenia with 5 spp. (Australasian trees,shrubs, vines)‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsP ∞ A ∞ G 1• filamentous stamens; berrywith one ovuleAustrobaileyaceae: 1 species of tropical Australianevergreen lianaa‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsP ∞ A ∞ G ∞• laminar stamens; fly pollinatedBiogeographical distributions of the A ITA members ofANITA support old notion that tropical Australasia was centerof origin of extant angiosperms‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge• worldwidedistribution except aridregions• little biogeographicstructureDistribution of Nymphaeaceae - water lilies• water lilies andrelatives• floating or submersedleaves• air cavities in tissue• mucilaginouscoverings• lack of vessels‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge8 genera with specialized ecological aquatic niche‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to divergeObvious ecological convergence in floating aquatics is the rule!Check out live aquatic plant display in Birge lobby.Nuphar variegatum -yellow waterlily= basal angiospermNymphoides peltata -water gentian= asterid dicot‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to divergeOrder Nymphaeales once included all these 3 generaNuphar NelumboCeratophyllumall are unrelated!= ANITA = eudicot = basal angiosperm ‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to divergeNymphaea odorata - water lilyCA 4-∞ CO ∞ A ∞ G (∞) • showy flowers with strongscent attracting animals• many parts at each whorl• laminar stamens‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge• showy flowers with strongscent attracting animals• many parts at each whorl• laminar stamens• superior, syncarpic pistilCA 4-∞ CO ∞ A ∞ G (∞)‘ANITA’ Basal Angiosperms*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to divergeNuphar variegata -yellow pond lily• petaloid sepals, petals reduced‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsAmazonian Victoria with peltate leaves‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsCabombaceae - 2 genera often placed in NymphaeaceaeBrasenia shreberi - water shield• small clonal floating aquatic• peltate leaves• wind pollinated‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsCabombaceae - 2 genera often placed in NymphaeaceaeCabomba - fanwort• submersed and floating leaved• dimorphic leaves• insect pollinated‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsMolecular phylogeny - secondary increase in floral structuresDon Les & al. 1999‘ANITA’ Basal AngiospermsHydatellaceae - the enigmatic aquatic finds a home!HydatellaTrithuria• 2 Australasian genera of reduced aquatics• DNA = monocot near grasses• new DNA & morphology = sister to waterliliesMagnoliid Basal AngiospermsRemainder of basal angiosperms(except monocots & hornwort)• = Magnoliids (monophyletic)• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves)• aromatic - ethereal oilsMagnoliid Basal AngiospermsRemainder of basal angiosperms (except monocots & hornwort)• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves)• aromatic - ethereal oils (“ranalian” smell)• beetle or fly pollination common• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves)Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales)• tropical or warm temperate trees or shrubs withlarge, pinnate netted, stipulate leaves• flowers large and