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WOU ES 105 - Fossil Fuels

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Fossil Fuels, Chemistry of FuelsEnergy and Chemical ReactionsReaction energyExothermic ReactionEndothermic reactionEnergy and Chemical ReactionsConservation of EnergyHeat FlowImplications of lawsEntropyEnergy sourcesFossil fuelsFossil fuelsFirst law of thermodynamicsFossil fuelsCoalCoalCarboniferous Period ForestCoal formation 1Coal formation 2Coal formation 3Coal formation 4Coal formation SummaryCoalCoalNatural GasPetroleumPetroleumHydrocarbon SystemSOURCESZooplanktonCOOKINGRESERVOIR PERMEABLEPOROUSRESERVOIRTrapSTYLES OF TRAPSSTRUCTURAL TRAPSTRUCTURAL TRAPSTRATIGRAPHIC TRAPSTRATIGRAPHIC TRAPStream Processes and Floodplain Development UNCONFORMITY TRAPPetroleum RequirementsAmerican Oil FieldsTITUSVILLE, PATexas OilBoiler AvenueSignal Hill, Long Beach, CADrilling on the North SlopeDrilling in the North SeaTop 10 Countries— Oil StatisticsSun’s EnergyPhotosynthesisSource of energy not from SunBlack SmokerVent communityTube worm and crabFossil Fuels, Chemistry of FuelsEnergy and Chemical Reactions• Heat released or consumed in chemical reactions• Measured in calories– Food ‘calorie’ is a kilocalorie (kcal)– 1 Joule = 0.24 calories• Energy shown in equation•C3H8+ 5 O2Æ 3 CO2+ 4 H2O + 526 kcalReaction energyEXOTHERMICheats up environmentENDOTHERMICabsorbs heat from environmentExothermic ReactionC3H8+ 5 O2Æ 3 CO2+ 4 H2O + 526 kcal• Burn 2 moles of propane• 2 x 526 kcal = 1052 kcal• Burn 308 g of propane• 308 g (1 mole/44g) = 7 moles• 7 moles x 526 kcal = 3682 kcalEndothermic reactionN2+ O2+ 4.32 kcal Æ 2 NO• 5 moles of nitrogen, reacting with 5 moles of oxygen• Consumes 5 x 4.32 kcal = 21.6 kcalEnergy and Chemical Reactions• Temperature affects rate of reactions– More molecule collisions– More energy to break chemical bonds• Concentration of reactants• Presence of catalyst– Peroxide 2 H2O2Æ 2 H2O + O2proceeds slowly– Add platinum: takes seconds, not yearsConservation of Energy• Energy is not created or destroyed• First Law of ThermodynamicsHeat Flow• From objects with higher temperature to those with lower temperature• Second law of thermodynamicsImplications of laws• Change form from high quality to lower quality– Chemical energy to heat energy– Friction: mechanical to heat• Energy wasted as frictional heat• Need to put energy in to ‘make’ coldEntropy• Lack of order of systems• Nature tends toward disorder—greater entropy• Takes energy to overcome entropy– Oil spill on Columbia River– CFC released into atmosphereEnergy sources• Wood—chemical energy stored by plants• Kinetic energy—– Water power to grind grain– Wind to pump water• Fossil fuelsFossil fuels• Burn readily• Reaction is oxidation• Release heat energyFossil fuels• Coal• Petroleum• Natural GasFirst law of thermodynamics• Conservation of energy• Cannot create or destroy energy• (But we can convert to less-useful form)Fossil fuels• Non renewable• From ancient organisms• Extracted from EarthCoalC + O2Æ CO2• Anthracite• Bitumen • LigniteCoal• Incompletely decayed plants• Burial pressure releases O2 and H2• Carbon remains• Paleozoic—Pennsylvanian coal, Carboniferous PeriodCarboniferous Period Foresthttp://palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Carboniferous.htmCoal formation 1Coal formation 2Coal formation 3Coal formation 4Coal formation SummaryCoal• ‘Coke’ is made by heating coal • Byproduct refined into organic chemicalsCoal• Must be mined• Pollutants in coal– Sulfur leads to acid rain– Also contains mercury, arsenic, nitratesNatural Gas• Mostly methaneCH4+ 2 O2Æ CO2 + 2 H2O + heat• Excellent, clean-burning fuel• Raw material for plastics and other chemicalsPetroleum• Replaced coal by about 1950• Complex hydrocarbon molecules • Derived from fats• Combustion products are carbon dioxide and waterPetroleum2C8H18+ 25 O2Æ 16 CO2+ 18 H2O• Also contains some sulfur compounds• Fuel oil is fairly clean• Burning gasoline results in smog– Internal combustion engines inefficientHydrocarbon System• http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/systems_home.htmlSOURCES• Shale with organic material• Gooey sludge on ocean floorZooplankton• Planktonic organisms• Probable source of petroleumhttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/source/source.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Haeckel_Stephoidea.jpgCOOKING• Just right temperature• Just right pressure• Just right timeRESERVOIR• Permeable • Porous• Usually a sedimentary rockPERMEABLE• Permits fluid throughflow• Nylon scrubbiePOROUS• Has open space• SpongeRESERVOIR• Permeable • and Poroushttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/reservoir/reservoir.htmlTrapAlmost no permeability or pore space• Shale (Usually not source shale)http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/seal/seal.htmlSTYLES OF TRAPS• Structural• StratigraphicSTRUCTURAL TRAP• Reservoir sand• Capping shale • Arched foldPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979STRUCTURAL TRAP• Reservoir exists• Fault creates trapPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP• Deposition of sand • Shale deposited above sand– Deltas– Invading seasPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP• Channel sand• Shifting channel of river• Shale above caps reservoirPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979Stream Processes and Floodplain DevelopmentSand lensTraps frommeanderingstreamshttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/traps/strat/strat_traps.htmlUNCONFORMITY TRAP• Reservoir rock tilted and eroded• Impermeable rock deposited above erosion surfacePlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979Petroleum Requirements• Source• Cooking• Reservoir•TrapAmerican Oil FieldsMAJOR OIL FIELDS IN NORTH AMERICAPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979TITUSVILLE, PA• Oil Creek Valley in the 1860s• Phillips well (rt) 4000 bbl/day• Woodford well (lt) 1500 bbl/dayhttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/pennsylvania/tarr_farm.htmlTexas Oil• Lucas Gusher, 1901• Initial production 100,000 bbl/day• Salt dome trapshttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/spindletop/spindletop.htmlBoiler AvenueOn Spindletopsalt dome at Beaumont, Texashttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/spindletop/spindletop.htmlSignal Hill, Long Beach,


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