Mixtures 1 2 3 4 5 6 Elements or compounds not chemically bonded a Retain chemical identity b Physical change may occur or not c Can be separated into components using physical properties i filtering ii Temperature of boiling or melting classification a pure only single substance to a specific level b impure a mixture i heterogeneous individual substances can be seen ii homogeneous same ratio in all parts 1 solution all components same phase 2 suspension different phases solutions a can be solid liquid or gaseous i atmosphere ii salt water iii white gold b definitions i greater component is the solvent ii lesser components are the solutes iii concentration solute amount solution amount not solvent 1 saturated cannot dissolve any more 2 unsaturated not at its capacity iv mole 6 02 x 1023 number of anything molecules are small 1 one formula mass in grams of a substance has one mole of molecules in it 2 molarity moles of solute liters of solution solubility a ability to dissolve b depends on attraction of molecules for one another i similar between substances infinitely soluble ii greater to itself than solvent weakly soluble c temperature affects solubility i commonly elevated with greater temperature ii change of temperature can cause precipitation soaps and detergents a induced dipole induced dipole attraction for grime b ion dipole attraction of water softening hard water a water contains Ca and Mg ions b pass over Na ion saturated resins displace Na ions 7 8 water purification a typical steps i remove dirt by filtering coagulation and settling ii aerate to improve taste iii disinfect to neutralize cholera typhoid fever dysentery hepatitis 1 ozone 2 chlorine 3 boiling 4 iodine tablets 5 ultraviolet treatment iv remove toxic solutes 1 arsenic 2 nitrates 3 organic chemicals b desalinization make fresh water from salt water i brackish groundwater or seawater ii distillation 1 fuels 2 sunlight iii reverse osmosis wastewater treatment a similar to purification of natural water sources i screening settling of solids ii disinfect with ozone preferred chlorine or UV iii secondary treatment involves aeration and additional settling iv tertiary treatment includes filtration
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