ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Beyond Petroleum and Coal Reading STM Ch 11 p 249 257 Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming February 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http www ipcc ch SPM2feb07 pdf Present and future trends http www ucar edu research climate warming jsp Climate change in the Paleozoic http www lcv org newsroom in thenews page jsp itemID 31446805 Earth s past climates http www ucar edu research climate past jsp Alternative Energy Sources Solar Biomass Rivers winds and tides Geothermal Advancing Technologies Nuclear Power Other fossil fuels http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld121 htm Solar Four Solar Systems Direct uses Space heating Water heating Converted to electricity Passive heating Active heating Photovoltaic Water heating http www eere energy gov solar sh basics html 1 Passive Space Heating Let the Sun shine in 1 Heats air inside building 2 Heat up massive structure Stone brick concrete Returns heat to air when Sun isn t shining Sun facing windows Active Solar Water Heat System http www earthship com staticpages index php page sale osCsid e2e983564ec7a5b9921a71236bed60c8 Building for passive Sun heating Photovoltaic and Water heating also incorporated Note operable skylight for cooling Retrofit for Active Solar Heat http www newenergy org sesci publications pamphlets active html http www newenergy org sesci publications pamphlets active html Sun shines directly and is reflected onto PV panels Water Heating Can add on to existing buildings Freezing must be considered http www eere energy gov solar pv cell light html http www fsec ucf edu solar apps sdhw en5 htm Circulation 2 Photovoltaic Electricity Photons from Sun excite electrons in atoms Induces current flow Produces direct current electricity DC About 100 watts m2 How PV Panels Work Silicon crystals doped with other elements Arsenic has extra electron n layer Boron is missing an electron p layer Photons cause electrons to flow http www eere energy gov solar photoelectric effect html Disadvantages to Solar Not much solar gain in some areas Photovoltaic electricity is not very efficient About 10 efficient Cost of the balance of the systems Batteries Inverter to get AC power Panel racks and trackers Drawbacks of Biomass Biomass Direct burning of plant material Oil harvested from seeds Plant material converted to Alcohol methanol and ethanol Converted to methane Biodiesel Lack of arable land where fuel is needed About 3 efficient Advantage Utilize waste plant material Wood pellets Food processing waste Home biodiesel system make your own http www floridabiodieselinc com homesystems html 3 Water Power Hydroelectric Generation 9 of U S electricity is from hydroelectric generators Need to dam rivers where precipitation is reliable Grand Coulee Dam 3rd largest producer of electricity in the world Irrigation water and flood protection Grand Coulee Dam North America s largest concrete structure Located on the Columbia River in Central Washington Water Power Cut away view of a water driven electrical generator http users owt com chubbard gcdam html hydro html http users owt com chubbard gcdam html hydro html Wind Power Wind Farms http www windmilltours com images blueskywindmill jpg http www bergey com 4 Present Utilization of Wind Wind potential Denmark 20 of its electricity Germany almost 7 of its electric power U S could easily generate 10 by wind California intermountain west and Minnesota at present http www bergey com Tides Lunar Power Tides come in and go out twice daily La Rance France Tides Need area with reasonable tidal range Presently utilized by damming tidal estuaries where water naturally backs up Largest at St Malo France 240 MW LaRance Tidal Barrage http www edf fr html en decouvertes voyage index html 5 Disadvantages of Tidal Barrage Tidal Lagoon Prevents migration of anadromous fish Inhibits navigation Damages natural and scenic coastlines http www forbes com global 2003 0721 042chart html Tidal Lagoon http www forbes com global 2003 0721 042chart html http www forbes com global 2003 0721 042chart html Geothermal Geothermal Direct use for heating Warm and hot sources of heat can be utilized for heat Generation of electricity Requires hot source Water and hot dry rock for both uses http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld012 htm 6 Geothermal Geothermal http www unocal com geopower power htm http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld038 htm Geothermal http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld099 htm Geothermal http www ldeo columbia edu users menke ENERGY GEOTHERM img16 html Geothermal California about 10 The Geysers geothermal field Hawaii s Big Island 25 The Philippines 27 http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld069 htm 7 Geothermal Geothermal Advantages No pollution No CO2 added to atmosphere Disadvantages Water is corrosive Steam is depleted from hot reservoirs http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld045 htm Warm Geothermal http www worldbank org html fpd energy geothermal Geothermal Brady Hot Springs northern Nevada dries onions for Burger King http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld087 htm Geothermal Reykjavik in the 1930s http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld094 htm Geothermal Reykjavik today http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld095 htm 8 Geothermal Geothermal Greenhouses use geothermal energy to enhance plant growth Pipes of geothermal water can be installed under sidewalks and roads to keep them from icing over in winter like this sidewalk in Klamath Falls Oregon http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld088 htm Geothermal http www worldbank org html fpd energy geothermal Geothermal Oregon Institute of Technology Geoheat Center Experimenting with prawn aquaculture using geothermal heat Mammoth Lakes Fish Hatchery uses geothermal heat to help young fish thrive http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld082 htm Electric Sports Car http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld085 htm Hydrogen More energy than any other fuel 2 H2 O2 2 H2O 572 kJ heat energy WATER is the reaction product clean Can be distributed in presently existing pipelines But isn t hydrogen DANGEROUS http www teslamotors com 9 Hindenburg explosion Hydrogen safety facts Escapes easier than natural gas Smaller molecules dissipate more readily Lighter than air so doesn t form pools of invisible explosive gas Natural gas is explosive too http www altavista com web results itag wrx q Geysers Geothermal Plant kgs 1 kls 0 Nuclear Power Fuel Cells Release electrons in
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