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WOU ES 105 - Alternative Energy

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGYCarbon Dioxide and Global WarmingAlternative Energy SourcesSolarFour Solar SystemsPassive Space HeatingActive Solar Water Heat SystemRetrofit for Active Solar HeatWater HeatingSun shines directly and is reflected onto PV panelsPhotovoltaic ElectricityHow PV Panels WorkDisadvantages to SolarBiomassDrawbacks of BiomassBiodieselWater PowerGrand Coulee DamGrand Coulee DamWater PowerWind PowerWind FarmsPresent Utilization of WindWind potentialTidesTidesLa Rance, FranceLaRance Tidal BarrageDisadvantages of Tidal BarrageTidal LagoonTidal LagoonGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermal Warm GeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalGeothermalElectric Sports Car HydrogenHindenburg explosionHydrogen safety factsFuel CellsNuclear PowerMethane HydrateMethane HydrateMethane Hydrate distributionOil ShaleGreen River Oil ShaleAthabasca Tar SandsAthabasca Tar SandsCoal GasificationCoal Gasification1ALTERNATIVE ENERGYBeyond Petroleum and CoalReading: STM Ch. 11, p. 249-257Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming• February 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf• Present and future trends http://www.ucar.edu/research/climate/warming.jsp• Climate change in the Paleozoic http://www.lcv.org/newsroom/in-the-news/page.jsp?itemID=31446805• Earth’s past climates http://www.ucar.edu/research/climate/past.jsphttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld121.htmAlternative Energy Sources• Solar•Biomass• Rivers, winds and tides• Geothermal• Advancing Technologies• Nuclear Power• Other fossil fuelsSolar• Direct uses– Space heating– Water heating• Converted to electricityFour Solar Systems• Passive heating• Active heating• Photovoltaic• Water heatinghttp://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/sh_basics.html2Passive Space Heating• Let the Sun shine in1. Heats air inside building2. Heat up massive structure¾ Stone, brick, concrete¾ Returns heat to air when Sun isn’t shining• Sun-facing windows• Building for passive Sun heating• Photovoltaic and Water heating also incorporated• Note operable skylight for cooling• http://www.earthship.com/staticpages/index.php?page=sale&osCsid=e2e983564ec7a5b9921a71236bed60c8Active Solar Water Heat System• http://www.newenergy.org/sesci/publications/pamphlets/active.htmlRetrofit for Active Solar Heat• http://www.newenergy.org/sesci/publications/pamphlets/active.htmlWater HeatingCan add on to existing buildingsFreezing must be consider-ed • http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/solar/apps/sdhw/en5.htm#CirculationSun shines directly and is reflected onto PV panelshttp://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_cell_light.html3Photovoltaic Electricity• Photons from Sun excite electrons in atoms• Induces current flow• Produces direct current electricity (DC)• About 100 watts/m2How PV Panels Work• Silicon crystals ‘doped’ with other elements• Arsenic has ‘extra’electron (n layer)• Boron is ‘missing’ an electron (p layer)• Photons cause electrons to flowhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/photoelectric_effect.htmlDisadvantages to Solar• Not much solar gain in some areas• Photovoltaic electricity is not very efficient– About 10% efficient• Cost of the balance of the systems– Batteries– Inverter to get AC power– Panel racks and trackersBiomass• Direct burning of plant material• Oil harvested from seeds• Plant material converted to – Alcohol: methanol and ethanol– Converted to methaneDrawbacks of Biomass• Lack of arable land where fuel is needed• About 3% efficientAdvantage• Utilize waste plant material– Wood pellets– Food processing wasteBiodiesel• Home biodiesel system: make your own! http://www.floridabiodieselinc.com/homesystems.html4Water Power• Hydroelectric Generation• 9% of U.S. electricity is from hydroelectric generators• Need to dam rivers where precipitation is reliableGrand Coulee Dam• North America’s largest concrete structure• Located on the Columbia River in Central WashingtonGrand Coulee Dam•3rdlargest producer of electricity in the world• Irrigation water and flood protection• http://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/hydro.htmlWater PowerCut away view of a water-driven electrical generator• http://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/hydro.htmlWindPower• http://www.bergey.com/Wind Farms• http://www.windmilltours.com/images/blueskywindmill.jpg5Present Utilization of Wind• Denmark 20% of its electricity• Germany almost 7% of its electric power U. S. could easily generate 10% by wind• California, intermountain west, and Minnesota at presentWind potential• http://www.bergey.com/Tides• “Lunar Power”• Tides come in and go out twice dailyTides• Need area with reasonable tidal range• Presently utilized by damming tidal estuaries where water naturally backs up• Largest at St. Malo, France 240 MWLa Rance, Francehttp://www.edf.fr/html/en/decouvertes/voyage/index.htmlLaRance Tidal Barrage6Disadvantages of Tidal Barrage• Prevents migration of anadromous fish• Inhibits navigation• Damages natural and scenic coastlinesTidal Lagoon• http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.htmlTidal Lagoon• http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.htmlhttp://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.html Geothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld012.htmGeothermal• Direct use for heating– Warm and hot sources of heat can be utilized for heat• Generation of electricity– Requires hot source• Water and hot-dry rock for both uses7Geothermalhttp://www.unocal.com/geopower/power.htmGeothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld038.htm Geothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld099.htm• http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/users/menke/ENERGY/GEOTHERM/img16.htmlGeothermal• California about 10% – ‘The Geysers’ geothermal field• Hawaii’s Big Island 25%• The Philippines 27%Geothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld069.htm8Geothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htmGeothermal• Advantages– No pollution–No CO2added to atmosphere• Disadvantages– Water is corrosive– Steam is depleted from hot reservoirsWarm Geothermalhttp://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/GeothermalBrady Hot Springs, northern Nevada, dries onions for Burger Kinghttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld087.htmGeothermalReykjavik in the


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WOU ES 105 - Alternative Energy

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