Atomic Structure, IsotopesDiagram of AtomHumphry DavyMichael FaradayElectrolysis of SaltsJoseph John ThomsonCathode Ray TubeCathode ray deflection diagramCathode ray deflection photoPerforated cathodeRobert A. MillikanStatic on oil dropsAntoine-Henri BecquerelMarie CurieRadioactive emissions and their chargeErnest RutherfordGold foil deflects a few alpha particlesModel to explain alpha particle deflectionAtomic model analogyAnalogy of atom--contHydrogen ionJames ChadwickProtons and Neutrons in NucleusAtomic StructureAtomic StructureAtomic StructureAtomic StructureAtomic StructureAnalogy of atom--contProtons and Neutrons in NucleusAtomic StructureAtomic StructureAtomic StructureIsotope notationIn-class activity #2In-class activity #2In-class activity #2ElectronsNeils Bohr’s electron energy level diagramIn Class Activity # 3Periodic TableGroups of the Periodic Table1Atomic Structure, IsotopesSTM Chapter 5Pages 88-108Diagram of AtomHumphry Davy• 1778-1829• British chemist—1807 found metalsMichael Faraday• Davy’s assistant• 1791-1829• Coined terms we use today for electrical circuits• c. 1840Electrolysis of Salts• Anode +• Cathode –• Opposites attract– particlesÆ ++particlesÆ –• – particle: ANION• + particle: CATIONJoseph John Thomson• 1856-1940• 1897 discovered nature of ‘cathode rays’• Actually particles• ELECTRONS• Calculated massto charge ratioof electronsLink to history of electron discoveryhttp://e3.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/SpinningWeb/lecture19.htmlhttp://www.aip.org/history/electron/2Cathode Ray Tube Cathode ray deflection diagramCathode ray deflection photo Perforated cathodeRobert A. Millikan• 1868-1953• Discovered charge of an electron by oil-drop experiment• Calculated mass from Thomson’s mass to charge ratio• 1923 Nobel prize in physicshttp://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/phys/millikan.jpgStatic on oil drops3Antoine-Henri Becquerel• 1852-1908• Discovered spontaneous radioactivityhttp://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ar-Bo/Becquerel-Antoine-Henri.htmlMarie Curie• 1867-1934• Named radioactivity• Discovered polonium, radium• 1903 and 1911 Nobel prize in physicshttp://www.anlamak.com/tanimak/yabanci/Curie-Marie.htmRadioactive emissions and their chargeErnest Rutherford• 1871-1937• Named types of radiation• Proposed nucleus of atom as explanation for alpha particle behavior in 1911http://www.physics.northwestern.edu/Phyx103/web/nuc-timeline.htmlGold foil deflects a few alpha particlesModel to explain alpha particle deflection4Atomic model analogyhttp://www.sportslighting.com/feature/ls.htmlAnalogy of atom--conthttp://www.joesentell.com/panther/panther.htmhttp://web.ics.purdue.edu/~drhodes/hort410/vgsd13.htmhttp://www.skynet.ie/~ceason/cormac/stuff/housefly_anim.gifHydrogen ion James Chadwick• 1891-1974• Discovered neutron• Same mass as proton• Accounts for isotopes• 1935 Nobel prize in physicshttp://news.sina.com.cn/cl/2001-12-07/414701.htmlProtons and Neutrons in NucleusAtomic Structure• Protons• Neutrons• Electrons5Atomic Structure• Neutrons Electrical charge 0 Mass = 1 atomic unit Atomic Structure• Protons Electrical charge +1 Mass = 1 atomic mass unit (u)Atomic Structure• Electrons Electrical charge -1 Mass = almost nothing (1/1837 of a proton)Atomic Structure• Protons• NeutronsMake up the NUCLEUSNEW KLEE USNucleons—have massNEW KLEE ONS• Electrons—minimal massAnalogy of atom--conthttp://www.joesentell.com/panther/panther.htmhttp://web.ics.purdue.edu/~drhodes/hort410/vgsd13.htmhttp://www.skynet.ie/~ceason/cormac/stuff/housefly_anim.gifProtons and Neutrons in Nucleus6Atomic Structure• Protons• Neutrons• ElectronsAtomic Structure• Protons Atomic Number Controls properties of elements Constant number for all atoms of the same elementAtomic Structure• Neutrons– Atoms may have different numbers of neutrons– Different atomic masses of atoms of the same element– ISOTOPES of the same elementIsotope notationIn-class Activity #1 Stable Isotope of Sodium In-class activity #2• Write the atomic number in this isotope notation.In-class activity #2• How many protons?• How many neutrons?7In-class activity #2• How many nucleons?• What is the atomic mass numberElectrons• Positioned in energy levels•First_level 2• Second_level 8• Higher_levels temporarily_fill_with_8Neils Bohr’s electron energy level diagramIn Class Activity # 3Periodic TableGroups of the Periodic Table• Alkali Metals—first column• Alkaline Earth Metals—second column• Halogens—next to last column• Noble Gases—last
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