Most Materials are Mixtures Hewitt Suchocki Hewitt Conceptual Physical Science Pure substance A material consisting of only one type of element or compound Fourth Edition Chapter 16 MIXTURES Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Most Materials are Mixtures Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Mixture A collection of two or more pure substances can be separated by physical means Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The Chemist s Classification of Matter Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The Chemist s Classification of Matter The Chemist s Classification of Matter Pure materials consist of a single element or compound Impure materials consist of two or more elements or compounds Mixtures may be heterogeneous or homogeneous In heterogeneous mixtures the different components can be seen as individual substances In homogenous mixtures the composition is the same throughout Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley 1 The Chemist s Classification of Matter The Chemist s Classification of Matter Homogeneous mixtures Solution all components in the same phase Suspension different components in different phases Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The Chemist s Classification of Matter CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Is the air in your house a homogeneous or a heterogeneous mixture A Homogeneous because it is mixed very well B Heterogeneous because of the dust particles it contains C Homogeneous because it is all at the same temperature D Heterogeneous because it consists of different types of molecules Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solutions Solution A homogenous mixture consisting of ions or molecules Solvent The major component of a solution Solute The minor components of a solution Saturated Said of a solution in which no more solute will dissolve Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solutions Concentration A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in solution Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solutions Concentration A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in solution Solute Concentration Solution Concentration Solute Solution concentrated Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley 2 Solutions Concentration A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in solution Solute Concentration Solutions Concentration A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in solution Mole A super large number 6 02 1023 used to measure numbers of atoms or molecules a k a Avogadro s number Solution The formula mass of a substance expressed in grams contains one mole dilute Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Substance Formula Mass Carbon C 12 Oxygen O2 32 Carbon dioxide CO2 44 Sucrose C12H22O11 342 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solutions CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Solutions Water H2O has a formula mass of 18 How many moles of water are there in 18 grams of water A B C D Sucrose C12H22O11 342 g mole Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solutions CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR How many grams of water H2O are there in 2 moles of water A B C D 0 5 moles 1 mole 9 moles 18 moles Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solutions Molarity A unit of concentration expressed in moles solute per liter of solution 1 gram 9 grams 18 grams 36 grams Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley 3 Solution Concentrations Solutions Molarity A unit of concentration expressed in moles solute per liter of solution Molarity A unit of concentration expressed in moles solute per liter of solution Moles of Solute Molarity ppm A unit of concentration expressed in milligrams solute in liters of solution Liters of Solution Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solution Concentrations Solubility ppm A unit of concentration expressed in milligrams solute in liters of solution Solubility The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent 1 part solute 1 ppm 1 milligram solute 1 000 000 parts solution 1 liter solution Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solubility Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Solubility Solubility The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent Soluble Said of a solute that has appreciable solubility Precipitate Solute that comes out of solution Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley 4 Solubility CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Chapter 12 Review CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR The amount of oxygen O2 dissolved in the waters of the arctic ocean is greater about equal to or less than the amount of oxygen dissolved in warm tropical waters A B C D By mass water is 88 88 percent oxygen So why can t we breathe water Greater than About equal Less than It depends Explanation The solubility of oxygen in water decreases with increasing temperature As a consequence cold polar oceans tend to be more fertile than warmer tropical waters Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Soaps and Detergents Hint What is the elemental formula for the oxygen we breathe and the chemical formula for water Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Soaps and Detergents Soaps and detergents have both polar and nonpolar parts Nonpolar part attracts to the grime Polar part attracts to water Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Soap and Detergents CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Soap attracts grime by which type of molecular interaction A Dipole dipole B Induced dipole induced dipole C Hydrogen bonding D Dipole induced dipole Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson
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