Hewitt/Suchocki/Hewitt Conceptual Physical Science, Fourth Edition Most Materials are MixturesMost Materials are MixturesThe Chemist’s Classification of MatterThe Chemist’s Classification of MatterThe Chemist’s Classification of MatterThe Chemist’s Classification of MatterThe Chemist’s Classification of MatterSolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutionsWater, H2O, has a formula mass of 18. How many moles of water are there in 18 grams of water?How many grams of water, H2O, are there in 2 moles of water?SolutionsSolution ConcentrationsSolutionsSolution ConcentrationsSolubilitySolubilitySolubilityThe amount of oxygen, O2, dissolved in the waters of the arctic ocean is greater, about equal to, or less than the amount of oBy mass, water is 88.88 percent oxygen. So why can’t we breathe water?Soaps and DetergentsSoaps and DetergentsSoftening Hard WaterSoftening Hard WaterSoftening Hard WaterPurifying the Water We DrinkPurifying the Water We DrinkPurifying the Water We DrinkDistillationOsmosisReverse OsmosisWastewater TreatmentPrimary Wastewater TreatmentSecondary Wastewater Treatment1Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyHewitt/Suchocki/HewittConceptual Physical Science, Fourth EditionChapter 16:MIXTURESCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley• Pure substanceA material consisting of only one type of element or compound.• MixtureA collection of two or more pure substances.—can be separated by physical meansMost Materials are MixturesCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyMost Materials are MixturesCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyThe Chemist’s Classification of MatterCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyThe Chemist’s Classification of Matter• Pure materials consist of a single element or compound.• Impure materials consist of two or more elements or compounds.• Mixtures may be heterogeneous or homogeneous.Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley• In heterogeneous mixtures, the different components can be seen as individual substances.• In homogenous mixtures, the composition is the same throughout.The Chemist’s Classification of Matter2Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyThe Chemist’s Classification of MatterCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley• Homogeneous mixtures– Solution: all components in the same phase.– Suspension: different components in different phases.The Chemist’s Classification of MatterCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyIs the air in your house a homogeneous or a heterogeneous mixture?A. Homogeneous, because it is mixed very well.B. Heterogeneous, because of the dust particles it contains.C. Homogeneous, because it is all at the same temperature.D. Heterogeneous, because it consists of different types of molecules.The Chemist’s Classification of MatterCHECK YOUR NEIGHBORCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolutions• Solution: A homogenous mixture consisting of ions or molecules• Solvent: The major component of a solution.• Solute: The minor components of a solution.• Saturated: Said of a solution in which no more solute will dissolve.Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolutions• Concentration: A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in solution.Concentration =SoluteSolutionCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolutions• Concentration: A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in solution.Concentration =SoluteSolution“concentrated”3Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolutions• Concentration: A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in solution.Concentration =Solute“dilute”SolutionCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolutions• Concentration: A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in solution.• Mole: A super-large number, 6.02 × 1023, used to measure numbers of atoms or molecules, a.k.a. Avogadro’s number.The formula mass of a substance expressed in grams contains one mole.Substance Formula MassCarbon, C 12Oxygen, O232Carbon dioxide, CO244Sucrose, C12H22O11342Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolutionsSucrose, C12H22O11= 342 g/moleCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyWater, H2O, has a formula mass of 18. How many moles of water are there in 18 grams of water?A. 0.5 molesB. 1 moleC. 9 molesD. 18 molesSolutionsCHECK YOUR NEIGHBORCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyHow many grams of water, H2O, are there in 2 moles of water?A. 1 gramB. 9 gramsC. 18 gramsD. 36 gramsSolutionsCHECK YOUR NEIGHBORCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolutions• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressed in moles solute per liter of solution.4Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolution Concentrations• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressed in moles solute per liter of solution.Molarity =Moles of SoluteLiters of SolutionCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolutions• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressed in moles solute per liter of solution.• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in milligrams solute in liters of solution.• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressed in moles solute per liter of solution.• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in milligrams solute in liters of solution.Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolution Concentrations• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in milligrams solute in liters of solution.1 ppm =• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in milligrams solute in liters of solution.1 part solute1,000,000 parts solution1 milligram solute1 liter solution=Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleySolubility• Solubility: The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent.Copyright © 2008
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