Energy sources Fossil Fuels Chemistry of Fuels Wood chemical energy stored by plants Kinetic energy Sun s Energy Radiant energy Released by fusion Hydrogen fused into Helium Water power to grind grain Wind to pump water http www dkimages com discover Home Sc ience Physics and Chemistry Sound andLight Light Waves Light Waves 018 html Fossil fuels 1 73 x 1017 watts received by Earth from Sun 99 of Earth s energy Converted by plants into chemical energy http www urbex 50megs com Spain Cordob a Cordoba html http www adamandlyn co uk country greecewindmill shtml Photosynthesis 6 CO2 6 H2O sun energy C6H12O6 3 O2 Converts CO2 and H2O to sugar and O2 Created the level of oxygen present in today s atmosphere Ancient algae in Archean and Proterozoic oceans released O2 by photosynthesis Conservation of Energy Energy is not created or destroyed First Law of Thermodynamics Energy and Chemical Reactions Heat released or consumed in chemical reactions Measured in calories Food calorie is a kilocalorie kcal 1 Joule 0 24 calories Energy shown in equation C3H8 5 O2 3 CO2 4 H2O 526 kcal Heat Flow From objects with higher temperature to those with lower temperature Second law of thermodynamics Reaction energy EXOTHERMIC heats up environment ENDOTHERMIC absorbs heat from environment Implications of laws Change form from high quality to lower quality Chemical energy to heat energy Friction mechanical to heat Energy wasted as frictional heat Need to put energy in to make cold 1 Fossil fuels Burn readily Reaction is oxidation Release heat energy Fossil fuels Fossil fuels Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Carboniferous Period Forest First law of thermodynamics Conservation of energy Cannot create or destroy energy But we can convert to less useful form Coal formation 1 Non renewable From ancient organisms Extracted from Earth http palaeos com Paleozoic Carboniferous Carboniferous htm Coal formation 2 Coal formation 3 Coal formation 4 2 Coal C O2 CO2 Anthracite Bitumen Lignite Coal Incompletely decayed plants Burial pressure releases O2 and H2 Carbon remains Paleozoic Pennsylvanian coal Carboniferous Period Hydrocarbon System SOURCES Shale with organic material Gooey sludge on ocean floor Coal Must be mined Pollutants in coal Sulfur leads to acid rain Also contains mercury arsenic nitrates Zooplankton Planktonic organisms Probable source of petroleum http www priweb org ed pgws systems source source html http www priweb org ed pgws systems systems home html COOKING Just right temperature Just right pressure Just right time RESERVOIR Porous Permeable Usually a sedimentary rock http en wikipedia org wiki Image Haeckel Stephoidea jpg POROUS Has open space Sponge 3 PERMEABLE Permits fluid throughflow Nylon scrubbie RESERVOIR Permeable and Porous TRAP Almost no permeability or pore space Shale Usually not source shale http www priweb org ed pgws systems seal seal html http www priweb org ed pgws systems reservoir reservoir html STYLES OF TRAPS Structural Stratigraphic STRUCTURAL TRAP Reservoir sand Capping shale Arched fold STRUCTURAL TRAP Reservoir exists Fault creates trap Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP Channel sand Shifting channel of river Shale above caps reservoir Sand lens Traps from meandering streams STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP Deposition of sand Shale deposited above sand Deltas Invading seas Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 http www priweb org ed pgws systems traps strat strat traps html 4 UNCONFORMITY TRAP Reservoir rock tilted and eroded Impermeable rock deposited above erosion surface Natural Gas Mostly methane CH4 2 O2 CO2 2 H2O heat Excellent clean burning fuel Raw material for plastics and other chemicals Petroleum Replaced coal by about 1950 Complex hydrocarbon molecules Derived from fats Combustion products are carbon dioxide and water Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 Petroleum 2C8H18 25 O2 16 CO2 18 H2O Also contains some sulfur compounds Fuel oil is fairly clean Burning gasoline results in smog Petroleum Requirements Source Cooking Reservoir Trap American Oil Fields MAJOR OIL FIELDS IN NORTH AMERICA Internal combustion engines inefficient Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 TITUSVILLE PA Oil Creek Valley in the 1860s Phillips well rt 4000 bbl day Woodford well lt 1500 bbl day Texas Oil Spindletop Salt Dome Lucas Gusher 1901 Initial production 100 000 bbl day Salt dome traps http www priweb org ed pgws history spindletop spindletop html http www priweb org ed pgws history pennsylvania tarr farm html http www nps gov history history online books geology publications bul 845 contents htm 5 Boiler Avenue On Spindletop salt dome at Beaumont Texas Signal Hill Long Beach CA Drilling on the North Slope 1932 http www priweb org ed pgws history spindletop spindletop html Drilling in the North Sea http www priweb org ed pgws history signal hill signal hill2 html Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 Top 10 Countries Oil Statistics Reserves http www nationmaster com graphT ene oil res int 10 Comsumption http www nationmaster com graphT ene oil con int 10 Source of energy not from Sun Rare deep sea vent communities Sulfurous hotsprings supports bacteria Other organisms subsist on bacteria Larger creatures can survive on the bacteria eating organisms Rocks and Fossils Busbey Doenraads Willis and Roots Fog City Press 1997 Black Smoker http www punaridge org doc factoids Biology Vent community http www punaridge org doc factoids Biology Tube worm and crab http www punaridge org doc factoids Biology 6
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