1Fossil Fuels, Chemistry of FuelsEnergy sources• Wood—chemical energy stored by plants• Kinetic energy—– Water power to grind grain– Wind to pump water• Fossil fuelshttp://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Science/Physics-and-Chemistry/Sound-and-Light/Light-Waves/Light-Waves-018.htmlhttp://www.urbex.50megs.com/Spain/Cordoba/Cordoba.htmlhttp://www.adamandlyn.co.uk/country/greecewindmill.shtmlSun’s Energy• Radiant energy – Released by fusion– Hydrogen fused into Helium• 1.73 x 1017watts received by Earth from Sun• 99+% of Earth’s energy• Converted by plants into chemical energyPhotosynthesis6 CO2+ 6 H2O + sun energy Æ C6H12O6+ 3 O2– Converts CO2and H2O to sugar and O2– Created the level of oxygen present in today’s atmosphere– Ancient algae in Archean and Proterozoic oceans released O2by photosynthesisEnergy and Chemical Reactions• Heat released or consumed in chemical reactions• Measured in calories– Food ‘calorie’ is a kilocalorie (kcal)– 1 Joule = 0.24 calories• Energy shown in equation•C3H8+ 5 O2Æ 3 CO2+ 4 H2O + 526 kcalReaction energyEXOTHERMICheats up environmentENDOTHERMICabsorbs heat from environmentConservation of Energy• Energy is not created or destroyed• First Law of ThermodynamicsHeat Flow• From objects with higher temperature to those with lower temperature• Second law of thermodynamicsImplications of laws• Change form from high quality to lower quality– Chemical energy to heat energy– Friction: mechanical to heat• Energy wasted as frictional heat• Need to put energy in to ‘make’ cold2Fossil fuels• Burn readily• Reaction is oxidation• Release heat energyFossil fuels• Coal• Petroleum• Natural GasFirst law of thermodynamics• Conservation of energy• Cannot create or destroy energy• (But we can convert to less-useful form)Fossil fuels• Non renewable• From ancient organisms• Extracted from EarthCarboniferous Period Foresthttp://palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Carboniferous.htmCoal formation 1Coal formation 2 Coal formation 3 Coal formation 43CoalC + O2Æ CO2• Anthracite• Bitumen •LigniteCoal• Incompletely decayed plants• Burial pressure releases O2 and H2• Carbon remains• Paleozoic—Pennsylvanian coal, Carboniferous PeriodCoal• Must be mined• Pollutants in coal– Sulfur leads to acid rain– Also contains mercury, arsenic, nitratesHydrocarbon System• http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/systems_home.htmlSOURCES• Shale with organic material• Gooey sludge on ocean floorZooplankton• Planktonic organisms• Probable source of petroleumhttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/source/source.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Haeckel_Stephoidea.jpgCOOKING• Just right temperature• Just right pressure• Just right timeRESERVOIR• Porous•Permeable • Usually a sedimentary rockPOROUS• Has open space• Sponge4PERMEABLE• Permits fluid throughflow• Nylon scrubbieRESERVOIR•Permeable • and Poroushttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/reservoir/reservoir.htmlTRAPAlmost no permeability or pore space• Shale (Usually not source shale)http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/seal/seal.htmlSTYLES OF TRAPS•Structural• StratigraphicSTRUCTURAL TRAP• Reservoir sand• Capping shale • Arched foldPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979STRUCTURAL TRAP• Reservoir exists• Fault creates trapPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP• Channel sand• Shifting channel of river• Shale above caps reservoirPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979Sand lensTraps frommeanderingstreamshttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/traps/strat/strat_traps.htmlSTRATIGRAPHIC TRAP• Deposition of sand • Shale deposited above sand–Deltas– Invading seasPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 19795UNCONFORMITY TRAP• Reservoir rock tilted and eroded• Impermeable rock deposited above erosion surfacePlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979Natural Gas• Mostly methaneCH4+ 2 O2Æ CO2 + 2 H2O + heat• Excellent, clean-burning fuel• Raw material for plastics and other chemicalsPetroleum• Replaced coal by about 1950• Complex hydrocarbon molecules • Derived from fats• Combustion products are carbon dioxide and waterPetroleum2C8H18+ 25 O2Æ 16 CO2+ 18 H2O• Also contains some sulfur compounds• Fuel oil is fairly clean• Burning gasoline results in smog– Internal combustion engines inefficientPetroleum Requirements• Source• Cooking• Reservoir•TrapAmerican Oil FieldsMAJOR OIL FIELDS IN NORTH AMERICAPlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979TITUSVILLE, PA• Oil Creek Valley in the 1860s• Phillips well (rt) 4000 bbl/day• Woodford well (lt) 1500 bbl/dayhttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/pennsylvania/tarr_farm.htmlTexas Oil• Lucas Gusher, 1901• Initial production 100,000 bbl/day• Salt dome trapshttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/spindletop/spindletop.htmlSpindletop Salt Domehttp://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/845/contents.htm6Boiler AvenueOn Spindletopsalt dome at Beaumont, Texashttp://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/spindletop/spindletop.htmlSignal Hill, Long Beach, CA1932http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/signal_hill/signal_hill2.htmlDrilling on the North SlopePlummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979Drilling in the North SeaRocks and Fossils, Busbey, Doenraads, Willis and Roots, Fog City Press, 1997Top 10 Countries—Oil Statistics• Reserves• http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/ene_oil_res&int=10• Comsumption• http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/ene_oil_con&int=10Source of energy not from Sun• Rare deep sea vent communities• Sulfurous hotsprings supports bacteria• Other organisms subsist on bacteria• Larger creatures can survive on the bacteria-eating organismsBlack Smokerhttp://www.punaridge.org/doc/factoids/Biology/Vent communityhttp://www.punaridge.org/doc/factoids/Biology/Tube worm and
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