Energy and Chemical Reactions Fossil Fuels Chemistry of Fuels Heat released or consumed in chemical reactions Measured in calories Food calorie is a kilocalorie kcal 1 Joule 0 24 calories Energy shown in equation C3H8 5 O2 3 CO2 4 H2O 526 kcal Exothermic Reaction Endothermic reaction C3H8 5 O2 3 CO2 4 H2O 526 kcal N2 O2 4 32 kcal 2 NO Burn 2 moles of propane 2 x 526 kcal 1052 kcal Burn 308 g of propane 308 g 1 mole 44g 7 moles 7 moles x 526 kcal 3682 kcal Conservation of Energy Energy is not created or destroyed First Law of Thermodynamics 5 moles of nitrogen reacting with 5 moles of oxygen Consumes 5 x 4 32 kcal 21 6 kcal Reaction energy EXOTHERMIC heats up environment ENDOTHERMIC absorbs heat from environment Energy and Chemical Reactions Temperature affects rate of reactions More molecule collisions More energy to break chemical bonds Concentration of reactants Presence of catalyst Peroxide 2 H2O2 2 H2O O2 proceeds slowly Add platinum takes seconds not years Heat Flow From objects with higher temperature to those with lower temperature Second law of thermodynamics Implications of laws Change form from high quality to lower quality Chemical energy to heat energy Friction mechanical to heat Energy wasted as frictional heat Need to put energy in to make cold 1 Entropy Lack of order of systems Nature tends toward disorder greater entropy Takes energy to overcome entropy Oil spill on Columbia River CFC released into atmosphere Energy sources Wood chemical energy stored by plants Kinetic energy Water power to grind grain Wind to pump water First law of thermodynamics Conservation of energy Cannot create or destroy energy But we can convert to less useful form Coal C O2 CO2 Anthracite Bitumen Lignite Burn readily Reaction is oxidation Release heat energy Fossil fuels Fossil fuels Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Fossil fuels Coal Fossil fuels Non renewable From ancient organisms Extracted from Earth Carboniferous Period Forest Incompletely decayed plants Burial pressure releases O2 and H2 Carbon remains Paleozoic Pennsylvanian coal Carboniferous Period http palaeos com Paleozoic Carboniferous Carboniferous htm 2 Coal formation 1 Coal formation 4 Coal Must be mined Pollutants in coal Sulfur leads to acid rain Also contains mercury arsenic nitrates Coal formation 2 Coal formation Summary Coal formation 3 Coal Coke is made by heating coal Byproduct refined into organic chemicals Natural Gas Mostly methane CH4 2 O2 CO2 2 H2O heat Excellent clean burning fuel Raw material for plastics and other chemicals Petroleum Replaced coal by about 1950 Complex hydrocarbon molecules Derived from fats Combustion products are carbon dioxide and water 3 Hydrocarbon System Petroleum 2C8H18 25 O2 16 CO2 18 H2O Also contains some sulfur compounds Fuel oil is fairly clean Burning gasoline results in smog SOURCES Shale with organic material Gooey sludge on ocean floor Internal combustion engines inefficient http www priweb org ed pgws systems systems home html COOKING Zooplankton Planktonic organisms Probable source of petroleum Just right temperature Just right pressure Just right time RESERVOIR Permeable Porous Usually a sedimentary rock http www priweb org ed pgws systems source source html http en wikipedia org wiki Image Haeckel Stephoidea jpg PERMEABLE Permits fluid throughflow Nylon scrubbie POROUS Has open space Sponge RESERVOIR Permeable and Porous http www priweb org ed pgws systems reservoir reservoir html 4 Trap STYLES OF TRAPS Almost no permeability or pore space Shale Usually not source shale Structural Stratigraphic STRUCTURAL TRAP Reservoir sand Capping shale Arched fold http www priweb org ed pgws systems seal seal html Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 STRUCTURAL TRAP Reservoir exists Fault creates trap STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP Deposition of sand Shale deposited above sand Channel sand Shifting channel of river Shale above caps reservoir Deltas Invading seas Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 Stream Processes and Floodplain Development STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP Sand lens Traps from meandering streams Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 UNCONFORMITY TRAP Reservoir rock tilted and eroded Impermeable rock deposited above erosion surface Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 http www priweb org ed pgws systems traps strat strat traps html 5 Petroleum Requirements Source Cooking Reservoir Trap TITUSVILLE PA American Oil Fields MAJOR OIL FIELDS IN NORTH AMERICA Oil Creek Valley in the 1860s Phillips well rt 4000 bbl day Woodford well lt 1500 bbl day http www priweb org ed pgws history pennsylvania tarr farm html Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 Texas Oil Boiler Avenue Lucas Gusher 1901 Initial production 100 000 bbl day Salt dome traps On Spindletop salt dome at Beaumont Texas Signal Hill Long Beach CA 1932 http www priweb org ed pgws history spindletop spindletop html http www priweb org ed pgws history spindletop spindletop html Drilling on the North Slope Drilling in the North Sea http www priweb org ed pgws history signal hill signal hill2 html Top 10 Countries Oil Statistics Reserves http www nationmaster com graphT ene oil res int 10 Comsumption http www nationmaster com graphT ene oil con int 10 Plummer McGeary Physical Geology 2nd Wm C Brown Co 1979 Rocks and Fossils Busbey Doenraads Willis and Roots Fog City Press 1997 6 Sun s Energy Radiant energy Released by fusion Hydrogen fused into Helium 1 73 x 1017 watts received by Earth from Sun 99 of Earth s energy Converted by plants into chemical energy Black Smoker http www punaridge org doc factoids Biology Photosynthesis 6 CO2 6 H2O sun energy C6H12O6 O2 Converts CO2 and H2O to sugar and O2 Created the level of oxygen present in today s atmosphere Ancient algae in Archean and Proterozoic oceans released O2 by photosynthesis Vent community http www punaridge org doc factoids Biology Source of energy not from Sun Rare deep sea vent communities Sulfurous hotsprings supports bacteria Other organisms subsist on bacteria Larger creatures can survive on the bacteria eating organisms Tube worm and crab http www punaridge org doc factoids Biology 7
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