ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Beyond Petroleum and Coal Reading STM Ch 11 p 249 257 http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld121 htm Alternative Energy Sources Solar Solar Biomass Rivers winds and tides Geothermal Other fossil fuels Advancing Technologies Direct uses Space heating Water heating Converted to electricity Four Solar Systems Passive heating Active heating Photovoltaic Water heating Passive Space Heating Let the Sun shine in 1 Heats air inside building 2 Heat up massive structure Stone brick concrete Returns heat to air when Sun isn t shining Sun facing windows http www eere energy gov solar sh basics html 1 Active Solar Heat System http www earthship com staticpages index php page sale osCsid e2e983564ec7a5b9921a71236bed60c8 Building for passive Sun heating Photovoltaic and Water heating also incorporated Note operable skylight for cooling Retrofit for Active Solar Heat http www newenergy org sesci publications pamphlets active html Water Heating Can add on to existing buildings Freezing must be considered http www newenergy org sesci publications pamphlets active html Photovoltaic Electricity http www fsec ucf edu solar apps sdhw en5 htm Circulation Sun shines directly and is reflected onto PV panels Photons from Sun excite electrons in atoms Induces current flow Produces direct current electricity About 100 watts m2 http www eere energy gov solar pv cell light html 2 How PV Panels Work Disadvantages to Solar Silicon crystals doped with other elements Arsenic has extra electron n layer Boron is missing an electron p layer Photons cause electrons to flow Not much solar gain in some areas Photovoltaic electricity is not very efficient Cost of the balance of the systems Batteries Panel racks and trackers Inverter to get AC power http www eere energy gov solar photoelectric effect html Biomass Direct burning of plant material Oil harvested from seeds Plant material converted to Alcohol methanol and ethanol Converted to methane Water Power Hydroelectric Generation 9 of U S electricity is from hydroelectric generators Need to dam rivers where precipitation is reliable Drawbacks of Biomass Lack of arable land where fuel is needed About 3 efficient Utilize waste plant material Grand Coolee Dam North America s largest concrete structure Located on the Columbia River in Central Washington 3 Grand Coolee Dam 3rd largest producer of electricity in the world Irrigation water and flood protection Water Power Cut away view of a water driven electrical generator http users owt com chubbard gcdam html hydro html http users owt com chubbard gcdam html hydro html Wind Power Wind Farms http www windmilltours com images blueskywindmill jpg http www bergey com Present Utilization of Wind Denmark 20 of its electricity Germany almost 7 of its electric power U S could easily generate 10 by wind California intermountain west and Minnesota at present Tides Lunar Power Tides come in and go out twice daily 4 Tides Need area with reasonable tidal range Presently utilized by damming tidal estuaries where water naturally backs up Largest at St Malo France 240 MW La Rance France http www edf fr html en decouvertes voyage index html LaRance Tidal Barrage Disadvantages of Tidal Barrage Prevents migration of anadromous fish Inhibits navagation Damages natural and scenic coastlines Tidal Lagoon Tidal Lagoon http www forbes com global 2003 0721 042chart html http www forbes com global 2003 0721 042chart html 5 Geothermal http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld012 htm http www forbes com global 2003 0721 042chart html Geothermal Geothermal Direct use for heating Warm and hot sources of heat can be utilized for heat Generation of electricity Requires hot source Water and hot dry rock for both uses http www unocal com geopower power htm Geothermal http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld038 htm Geothermal http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld099 htm 6 Geothermal http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld069 htm Geothermal http www ldeo columbia edu users menke ENERGY GEOTHERM img16 html Geothermal California about 10 The Geysers geothermal field Hawaii s Big Island 25 The Philippines 27 http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld045 htm Geothermal Geothermal Advantages No pollution No CO2 added to atmosphere Disadvantages Water is corrosive Steam is depleted from hot reservoirs http www worldbank org html fpd energy geothermal 7 Geothermal Brady Hot Springs northern Nevada dries onions for Burger King http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld087 htm Geothermal Reykjavik in the 1930s http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld094 htm Geothermal Geothermal Pipes of geothermal water can be installed under sidewalks and roads to keep them from icing over in winter like this sidewalk in Klamath Falls Oregon Reykjavik today http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld095 htm http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld088 htm Geothermal Greenhouses use geothermal energy to enhance plant growth Geothermal Mammoth Lakes Fish Hatchery uses geothermal heat to help young fish thrive http www worldbank org html fpd energy geothermal http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld082 htm 8 Geothermal Oil Shale Oregon Institute of Technology Geoheat Center Experimenting with prawn aquaculture using geothermal heat http geothermal marin org GEOpresentation sld085 htm http www nerc gov jo oil shale in jordan htm Worldwide occurrence of Tar Sands Green River Oil Shale http www utexas edu depts grg huebner grg306c graphics oilshale jpg Athabasca Tar Sands http www ldeo columbia edu edu dees U4735 projections pitman 5 55 tarsand gif http www ldeo columbia edu edu dees U4735 projections pitman 5 55 tarsand gif Athabasca Tar Sands http www protectowire com images applications profiles electric shovels tar sands lg jpg 9 Methane Hydrate Natural ices of methane and water Formed in permafrost and below 300 meters in ocean sediments Probably 100 times cubic feet of methane hydrate compared to natural gas in US Thaws to over 150 times its volume of methane http marine usgs gov fact sheets gas hydrates gas hydrates 3 gif Coal Gasification Convert coal to methane C 2 H2 CH4 Use coal to make hydrogen C H2O CO H2 Convert coal to methanol alcohol All these are fuels that can be utilized today Hydrogen Coal Gasification Removed most pollutants in coal More easily transported than solid coal More efficient than burning coal Can contain or eleminate CO2 Very promising technology Hindenburg explosion More energy
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