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WOU ES 105 - The Hydrologic Cycle

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STREAM SYSTEMSThe Hydrologic CycleEarth’s Water and the Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic CycleRunning WaterDrainage BasinsThe Work of StreamsThe Work of StreamsRunning WaterRunning WaterRunning WaterChannel ShapeRunning WaterDischarge CalculationRunning WaterWillamette DischargeLongitunal ProfileLongitunal ProfileLongitunal ProfileChanges from head to mouth of streamThe Work of StreamsThe Work of StreamsThe Work of StreamsThe Work of StreamsThe Work of StreamsTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATIONCompetence vs. CapacityCompetence vs. CapacityThe Work of StreamsThe Work of StreamsThe Work of StreamsBedrock ChannelAlluvial ChannelHigh Velocity in CenterVelocity displaced around meander curveChannel PatternDevelop-ment of meandersDevelopment of MeandersStream Processes and Floodplain Development Channel developmentChannel developmentChannel developmentFormation of Oxbow LakeOxbow Lakes Well Established Meandering StreamChannel PatternBraided ChannelGlacial Stream1STREAM SYSTEMSEarth Science: Chapter 5Reading pages 114-124• Oceans not filling up• Evaporation = precipitation• System is balancedEarth’s Water and the Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic CycleEarth’s Water and the Hydrologic CycleHydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic Cycle• Precipitation• Evaporation• Infiltration• Runoff• TranspirationEarth’s Water and the Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic Cycle Running Water• Comes from precipitation• Transports sediment• Erode channels2Drainage Basins• Area that drains into a stream• Separated by drainage dividesThe Work of Streams• Erosion • Transportation• DepositionThe Work of StreamsEROSION• Lifting loose particles• Abrasion• DissolutionEROSION• Depends on velocity– Gradient– Channel characteristics– DischargeRunning WaterCHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS• Shape•Size• Roughness• GradientRunning Water3GRADIENT• Slope of channel• Vertical drop / channel lengthRunning Water Channel Shape• Same cross sectional area• Channel perimeter about doubledDISCHARGE• Volume of water flowing past a point in a certain amount of time• Cross sectional area x velocity• Gaging stationRunning Water Discharge Calculation• http://www.waterwatch.org.au/library/module-4/flow.html#10Running WaterWillamette Discharge• http://waterdata.usgs.gov/or/nwis/uv?format=gif&period=31&site_no=141910004Longitunal Profile• Cross section of length of stream• Changes from head to mouth of streamLongitunal ProfileLongitunal Profile• Changes from head to mouth of stream• Cross section of length of stream• Gradient gradually decreases downstream• Discharge increases downstreamChanges from head to mouth of stream• Channel gradient• Channel size• Discharge• Velocity of flow– Channel shape– DischargeThe Work of StreamsTRANSPORTATIONThree modes of moving material– In solution = Dissolved load– Suspended load– Sliding, rolling, bouncing = Bed loadThe Work of StreamsTRANSPORTATIONDissolved load• From groundwater, runoff and channel• Supplies ocean with minerals in solution5The Work of StreamsTRANSPORTATIONSuspended load• Most of material transported• Sand, silt, clay• Larger particles in floodThe Work of StreamsTRANSPORTATIONBed load• Too large to keep suspended• Grinds channel and downcutsThe Work of StreamsTRANSPORTATION• Competence• Capacity TRANSPORTATIONCOMPETENCE• Size of particles• Depends on velocity• V ~ (competence)2TRANSPORTATIONCAPACITY• Amount of material• Depends on dischargeCompetence vs. Capacity• Ant has less competence• Elephant has greater competence6Competence vs. Capacity• Many ants is greater capacityThe Work of Streams• Greatest competence with greatest velocity• Greatest capacity with greatest discharge• Maximum during floodsThe Work of Streams• Erosion • Transportation• DepositionDEPOSITION• Slowing of velocity• Largest particles deposited first• ALLUVIUMThe Work of StreamsBedrock Channel• High gradient• Many rapids and waterfalls• http://www.paul.chesterfield.btinternet.co.uk/pages/landscapes12.htmAlluvial Channel7High Velocity in CenterVelocity displaced around meander curveChannel PatternNaturalprogression to more meanderingchannelcharacter• http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6664/6664.ch04.htmlDevelop-ment of meanders• http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6664/6664.ch04.htmlDevelopment of Meanders• http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6664/6664.ch04.htmlStream Processes and Floodplain Development Meandering Stream8Channel development Channel developmentChannel developmentFormation of Oxbow Lake• http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6664/6664.ch04.htmlOxbow Lakes Oxbow Lake FormationWell Established Meandering Stream• http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6664/6664.ch04.html9Channel Pattern• High Gradient• Highly variable discharge• High, coarse sediment load• Braided channel developsBraided Channel• http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6664/6664.ch04.htmlGlacial Stream• Dart River• South Island, New Zealand• http://www.bartholmai.com/NZ2/WebPages%20NZ2-Pages/Image51.html•


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WOU ES 105 - The Hydrologic Cycle

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