ALTERNATIVE ENERGYBeyond Petroleum and Coalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld121.htmAlternative Energy Sources• Solar•Biomass• Rivers, winds and tides•Geothermal• Other fossil fuels• Advancing Technologies– Electric sportscar– http://www.teslamotors.com/Solar• Direct uses– Space heating– Water heating• Converted to electricityFour Solar Systems• Passive heating• Active heating• Photovoltaic• Water heatinghttp://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/sh_basics.htmlPassive Space Heating• Let the Sun shine in1. Heats air inside building2. Heat up massive structure– Stone, brick, concrete– Returns heat to air when Sun isn’t shining• Sun-facing windows• Building for passive Sun heating• Photovoltaic and Water heating also incorporated• Note operable skylight for cooling• http://www.earthship.com/staticpages/index.php?page=sale&osCsid=e2e983564ec7a5b9921a71236bed60c8Retrofit for Active Solar Heat• http://www.newenergy.org/sesci/publications/pamphlets/active.htmlSolar Water Heating Systemheat-exchange• http://www.newenergy.org/sesci/publications/pamphlets/active.htmlWater HeatingCan add on to existing buildingsFreezing must be consider-ed • http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/solar/apps/sdhw/en5.htm#CirculationSun shines directly and is reflected onto PV panelshttp://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_cell_light.htmlHow PV Panels Work• Silicon crystals ‘doped’ with other elements• Arsenic has ‘extra’electron (n layer)• Boron is ‘missing’ an electron (p layer)• Photons cause electrons to flowhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/photoelectric_effect.htmlPhotovoltaic Electricity• Photons from Sun excite electrons in atoms• Induces current flow• Produces direct current electricity• About 100 watts/m2Disadvantages to Solar• Not much solar gain in some areas– Cloudy areas– Low sun angle– only works in the day, too• Photovoltaic electricity is not very efficient• Cost of the balance of the systems–Batteries– Panel racks and trackers– Inverter to get AC powerBiomass• Direct burning of plant material• Oil harvested from seeds• Plant material converted to – Alcohol: methanol and ethanol– Converted to methaneDrawbacks of Biomass• Lack of arable land where fuel is needed• About 3% efficientAdvantages• Utilize waste plant material• Reduce dependence on fossil fuels– Corn syrup fails this test: tractor fuel for seeding and harvest– carbon-release of production offsets any reduction in carbon footprint of corn-syrup-derived ethanolWater Power• Hydroelectric Generation• 9% of U.S. electricity is from hydroelectric generators (Oregon about 50%)• Need to dam rivers where precipitation is reliableOregon Electrical Generation-19901990 Electrical Generation Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Other RenewablesOregon Electrical Generation--20062006 Electrical Generation Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Other RenewablesGrand Coulee Dam• North America’s largest concrete structure• Located on the Columbia River in Central WashingtonGrand Coulee Dam•3rdlargest producer of electricity in the world• Irrigation water and flood protection• http://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/hydro.htmlWater PowerCut away view of a water-driven electrical generator• http://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/hydro.htmlWindPower• http://www.bergey.com/• 10 Kw generator• ~$50,000 cost• 30% tax CREDIT• Grid-inter-tie – To send power to the utility company– Credits towardenergy you use other monthsWind Farms• http://www.windmilltours.com/images/blueskywindmill.jpgPresent Utilization of Wind• Denmark 20% of its electricity• Germany almost 7% of its electric power U. S. could easily generate 10% by wind• California, intermountain west, and Minnesota at present• Oregon capacity is ~7% of its useTides• “Lunar Power”• Tides come in and go out twice dailyTides• Need area with reasonable tidal range• Presently utilized by damming tidal estuaries where water naturally backs up• Largest at St. Malo, France 240 MWLa Rance, Francehttp://www.edf.fr/html/en/decouvertes/voyage/index.htmlLaRance Tidal BarrageDisadvantages of Tidal Barrage• Prevents migration of anadromousfish• Inhibits navagation• Damages natural and scenic coastlinesTidal Lagoon• http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.htmlTidal Lagoon• http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.htmlhttp://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.htmlGeothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld012.htmGeothermal• Direct use for heating– Warm and hot sources of heat can be utilized for heat• Generation of electricity– Requires hot source• Water and hot-dry rock for both usesGeothermalhttp://www.unocal.com/geopower/power.htmGeothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld038.htmGeothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld099.htmGeothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld069.htm• http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/users/menke/ENERGY/GEOTHERM/img16.htmlGeothermal• California about 10% – ‘The Geysers’ geothermal field• Hawaii’s Big Island 25%• The Philippines 27%Geothermalhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htmGeothermal• Advantages– No pollution–No CO2added to atmosphere• Disadvantages– Water is corrosive– Steam is depleted from hot reservoirsGeothermalhttp://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/GeothermalBrady Hot Springs, northern Nevada, dries onions for Burger Kinghttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld087.htmGeothermalReykjavik in the 1930shttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld094.htmGeothermalReykjavik todayhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld095.htmGeothermalPipes of geothermal water can be installed under sidewalks and roads to keep them from icing over in winter, like this sidewalk in Klamath Falls, Oregonhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld088.htmGeothermalGreenhouses use geothermal energy to enhance plant growthhttp://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/GeothermalMammoth Lakes Fish Hatchery uses geothermal heat to help young fish thrivehttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld082.htmGeothermalOregon Institute of TechnologyGeoheat CenterExperimenting with prawn aquaculture using geothermal heathttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld085.htmOil
View Full Document