CS ECE 5710 6710 Digital VLSI Design Transistors are Tiny The Red part the gate is 0 5 microns 0 5 microns 0 0000005 meters 1 50 000 of an inch Human hair 100 microns 0 5 microns 1 200 of a human hair Modern chips are 0 045 microns 45nm Analogy City Street Map 0 032 microns 32nm is coming then 22nm then 16nm then 10 000 Transistors 1 city block 1 transistor Assume 100m square for a city block City streets are the connecting wires Imagine a block detail map of a city That s what designing an Integrated Circuit is like Of course we have tools to help 100 000 Transistors 1 000 000 transistors 1 10 000 000 transistors 100 000 000 Transistors Are Chips Really that Big Where are the Transistors Chip Date Transistors Feature Size 80286 80386 80486 Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium 3 Pentium 4 IA 64 1982 1985 1989 1993 1995 1999 2001 2002 1 5 microns 1 5 microns 1 0 microns 0 8 microns 0 6 microns 0 18 microns 0 13 microns 0 13 microns 134 000 275 000 1 200 000 3 100 000 5 500 000 28 000 000 42 000 000 325 000 000 Intel Core2 Duo That s a LOT of transistors Core2 Duo has around 291 000 000 total transistors Where are they used Mostly for memory Around 6 transistors per bit of memory Intel Core2 Duo 4MB shared L2 cache 32K Icache 32K Dcache on each core 4 10242 8 2 64 1024 8 34 603 008 bits 35 000 000 bits 6 210 000 000 transistors Quad Core has around 820 000 000 Historical Comparison 65nm process 75W 144 mm2 die Core2 Duo 6502 Apple II Nintendo NES etc 65nm devices 144mm2 die 291 000 000 transistors over 4MB 32Mbit of on chip storage 2200MHz 6000nm devices 6 micron 22mm2 die 3510 transistors nmos only 56 total bits of state 1MHz 2 Pentium Pentium 4 P4 Willamette 217 sq mm 0 18u CMOS 2 int doubleALU 2 FP units 8k L1 D cache L1 micro op cache 256k L2 cache 50A 1 4GHz FP Int units on Real Chips Lots of Pentium 4 s 0 18u 180nm AMD K8 Opteron 0 13u 130nm 0 09u 90nm Sony Cell 3 More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips 4 More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips One More 5
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