1 CS/ECE 5710/6710 Digital VLSI Design Transistors are Tiny The Red part (the “gate”) is 0.5 microns 0.5 microns = 0.0000005 meters = 1/50,000 of an inch Human hair = 100 microns 0.5 microns = 1/200 of a human hair Modern chips are 0.045 microns (45nm) 0.032 microns (32nm) is coming! … then 22nm, then 16nm, then … Analogy – City Street Map 1 city block = 1 transistor Assume 100m square for a city block City streets are the connecting wires Imagine a block-detail map of a city That’s what designing an Integrated Circuit is like Of course, we have tools to help… 10,000 Transistors 100,000 Transistors 1,000,000 transistors 2 10,000,000 transistors 100,000,000 Transistors Are Chips Really that Big? Chip Date Transistors Feature Size 80286 1982 134,000 1.5 microns 80386 1985 275,000 1.5 microns 80486 1989 1,200,000 1.0 microns Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 microns Pentium Pro 1995 5,500,000 0.6 microns Pentium 3 1999 28,000,000 0.18 microns Pentium 4 2001 42,000,000 0.13 microns IA-64 2002 325,000,000 0.13 microns Where are the Transistors? That’s a LOT of transistors Core2 Duo has around 291,000,000 total transistors… Where are they used? Mostly for memory! Around 6 transistors per bit of memory Intel Core2 Duo: 4MB shared L2 cache, 32K Icache 32K Dcache on each core 4*10242*8 + 2(64*1024*8) = 34,603,008 bits 35,000,000 bits * 6 = 210,000,000 transistors Quad Core has around 820,000,000 Intel Core2 Duo 65nm process, 75W, 144 mm2 die Historical Comparison Core2 Duo 65nm devices 144mm2 die 291,000,000 transistors over 4MB (32Mbit) of on-chip storage 2200MHz 6502 (Apple II, Nintendo NES etc.) 6000nm devices (6 micron) 22mm2 die 3510 transistors (nmos only) 56 total bits of state 1MHz 3 Pentium Pentium 4 P4 Willamette 217 sq mm 0.18u CMOS 2 int doubleALU 2 FP units 8k L1 D-cache L1 micro-op cache 256k L2 cache 50A @ 1.4GHz FP/Int units on Real Chips Lots of Pentium 4’s 0.18u 180nm 0.13u 130nm 0.09u 90nm AMD K8 (Opteron) Sony Cell 4 More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips 5 More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips More Pictures of Chips One
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