There is grandeur in this view of life with its Evolution Biosystematics several powers having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved conclusion of Origin of Species Species from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved Thomas Burnet 1681 Typical pre 18th century view of Earth and its changes Thomas Burnet 1681 Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744 1829 Typical pre 18th century view of Earth and its changes Early evolutionary thought ladder thinking thinking no truth concerning the Natural World can be an enemy of religion for Truth cannot be an enemy to Truth God is not divided against himself himself Lamarck Lamarck s Ladder Ladder Continuum between physical and biological world after Aristotle Scalae Naturae Ladder of Life Life or Great Chain of Being Being Lamarck Lamarck s Ladder Ladder Being Realm of BEING God Angels Demons Man Animals Realm of BECOMING Non being Life progresses upward due to an internal drive towards perfection transmutation Why are primitive organisms still around Spontaneous generation of new life constantly Plants Minerals Mechanism of change Inheritance of acquired characters Lamarck Lamarck s Ladder Ladder Lamarck Lamarck s 1809 fourteen level ladder hierarchy There is no one linear ladder Georges Cuvier Cuvier Lamarck Lamarck s later Tree Tree Lamarck reluctantly influenced by Cuvier Cuvier s arguments Appended table in 1809 vol vol 2 of Philosophie Zoologique Zoologique showing two lines of spontaneous generation with subsequent branching Lamarck Lamarck s 1809 appendum Lamarck Lamarck s later Tree Tree By 1815 Lamarck announced his conversion to branching as the fundamental pattern of evolution evolution Lamarck Lamarck s later Tree Tree His last book Analytical Analytical System of Positive Knowledge of Man Man 1820 has gone largely unnoticed In its production of the different animals nature has not fashioned a single and simple series series Lamarck Lamarck s 1815 tree tree Reptiles come necessarily after fishes They build a branching sequence sequence with one branch leading from turtles to platypuses to the diverse groups of birds while the other via lizards toward the mammals The birds then build a richly varied branching series series with one branch ending in birds of prey prey S J Gould 1999 Robert Chambers 1844 The only pre Darwin evolution evolution book that English speakers could read in 1840s and 1850s Robert Chambers 1844 Darwin later stated that Vestiges although flawed set the stage for acceptance of his ideas of evolution set down in his book Origin of Species in 1859 Immediate criticism on one main point denial of special creation for each species Robert Chambers 1844 Bosanquet Biblical scholar published his rebuttal the next year and based it primarily on the issue of special creation Robert Chambers 1844 Charles Darwin 1859 Darwin Darwin s Tree thinking Tree thinking only figure in Origin of Species illustration of descent with modification modification The three main claims of Darwinian evolution Living species are related by common ancestry descent Change through time occurs not at the organism but at the population level The main cause of adaptive evolution is natural selection modification Evolution a definition The change of genetic materials DNA genes chromosomes genotype genotype and thus physical attributes morphology physiology phenotype phenotype within and among populations and species through time and space Evolution Religion Evolution Religion Some conflict already early on between religion and ideas of evolution Surely God God s power and glory were revealed more clearly in natural laws than in a peppering of miraculous interventions interventions 1860 debate between Bishop Samuel Wilberforce of Church of England and Thomas Henry Huxley Darwin Darwin s bulldog bulldog William Benjamin Carpenter Christian physiologist and paleontologist after reviewing Darwin Darwin s Origin of Species Evolution vs Religion Evolution vs Religion Although major religions uphold the two books of knowledge knowledge view the evolution vs scientific creationist creationist debate continues primarily in the United States fundamentalist Christianity and Mid east fundamentalist Islam A A Natural Law is as sacred as Moral Principle Principle Every scientific truth goes through three states first people say it conflicts with the Bible next they say it has been discovered before lastly they say they always believed it No conflict among many scientists of faith Louis Agassiz The Evolution House House exhibit at Kew Royal Botanic Gardens was the inspiration of the Christian director Sir Ghillean Prance Evolution vs Religion Day 1 Light Light and darkness darkness Day Day 2 2 Sky Sky and and water water Day 3 Land and plants Day Day 4 4 Sun and moon moon Day 5 Birds and fish Day 6 Land Land animals Day 7 Sabbath Name your title Day Day 4 4 Sun and and moon moon Day 5 Birds and fish Day Day 6 6 Land Land animals Day Day 7 7 Sabbath Is this history Genesis 1 clearly written as an unfolding narrative of fulfillment fulfillment or fruitfulness fruitfulness NOT linear time Genesis 1 2 have ecological principles of sabbath sabbath and stewardship stewardship Evidence for Evolution Evidence for Evolution Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky Anatomists cellular biologists prokaryote geneticists membrane and protein transport physiologists gene sequencers genomicists etc Evidence for Evolution Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky their data only makes sense assuming that chloroplasts are modifications of an ancient blue green bacteria ancestor endosymbiotic event Evidence for Evolution Common Ancestry Classification trees trees Hierarchical distribution of traits Homology Vestigial Structures Fossil record Biogeography Variation among populations Speciation Agreement between gene trees examined in this course to various degrees Darwin Darwin s Tree Thinking Thinking Genealogical tree of Queen Victoria 1819 1901 Darwin Darwin s Tree Thinking Thinking Pigeon breeding lineages from ancestral rock pigeon Darwin Darwin s Tree Thinking Thinking Rose pedigree IndoEuropean Language Tree 1 Hierarchical