Water Cycle Groundwater Water Pollution Hydrologic Cycle http www mnforsustain org water climate global water cycle study htm Distribution Cycle Animation Water Cycle 86 of evaporation from sea surface 14 of atmospheric moisture from EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 78 of precipitation on sea surface 22 of water precipitated falls on land http meted com mesoprim mpradfog print htm Water Cycle Water Cycle Less that 3 of Earth s water is on land Over of that is in glacial ice Most of the rest is stored as groundwater some groundwater is saline Water Distribution Groundwater Precipitation infiltrates Earth s surface Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water Drinking water source for half of U S Groundwater Surface water Water sources in Oregon http www deq state or us wq dwp dwp htm Groundwater Contributes to stream flow Universal solvent Dissolves some rock types Limestone CaCO3 Salts NaCl KCl Gypsum CaSO4 Groundwater Source First becomes soil moisture Plants use it Some evaporates directly Some sinks down Infiltration Groundwater is stored Groundwater Terms Zone of saturation Water table Zone of aeration Groundwater terms diagram Groundwater Storage Porosity of rock Spaces between sand grains Cracks in crystalline rock Dissolved cavities Permeability Allows water to move Interconnection of pore spaces Groundwater Storage Stored in AQUIFER Porous and permeable rock Trapped by AQUITARD Impermeable rock Clay shale Groundwater Movement Very slowly Small openings High surface tension Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure Hydraulic gradient Hydraulic head Groundwater movement diagram Springs Where water table intersects ground surface Photo of cliff springs Carlsbad Caverns Arecibo Puerto Rico Radio Telescope in Sinkhole Karst drainage of manmade lake in Missouri Karst towering buttes http en wikipedia org wiki Yangshuo Thailand Karst Towers http www siue edu GEOGRAPHY ONLINE Gillespie htm Hot Springs Water heated by hot rock cooling magma Temperature increases solvent capabilities May contain acids from magmatic water Geysers Special type of hot spring Pressure of water column suppresses boiling Heat added eventually overcomes pressure Sudden rise of water increase pressure release on rising Old Faithful photo Old Faithful webcam link http www nps gov archive yell oldfaithfulcam htm Geyser Eruption Geyser eruption stages Wells Wells after drawdown Artesian wells Ogallala supported agriculture Ogallala Aquifer Exploited in Great Plains agriculture Water table dropped Recharge rate low San Joaquin Valley subsidence Not able to recover due to aquifer compaction Water Drop http www wested org pblnet exp projects H2O html Contaminated Groundwater Groundwater purification Agriculture sources of groundwater contamination Landfill leachate contamination Drinking Water Standards Parts per Million ppm Change 1 000 000 mg to liters 1 mg 1 000 000 mg 1g 1 mL 1L 1 000 000 mg 1L 1 000 mg 1g 1 000 mL 1 mg 1 ppm 1L Sewage treatment Primary sewage treatment Secondary sewage treatment Natural substances in water Impurities in Runoff Atmosphere Dissolved substances Silt etc Radon Organic byproducts in water Contamination of Water Micro organisms Decay products Plant nutrients Petroleum compounds Acid Industry Mining Drinking water standards Pollution Sources Raw Sewage discharge http www nwri ca sande nov dec 2002 e html Plant nutrient pollution http www na fs fed us SPFO pubs n resource riparianforests Tab 20I htm Agricultural Runoff http www na fs fed us SPFO pubs n resource riparianforests Tab 20I htm Oil pollution http www intertanko com tankerfacts sizes pollution htm Mine leachate http www ew govt nz enviroinfo hscs contam Water Pollution http www jvkco com digidare water html Water Pollution Prevention http www jvkco com digidare water html Drinking water standards
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