Hydrologic Cycle Distribution Cycle Animation Water Cycle Groundwater Water Pollution http www mnforsustain org water climate global water cycle study htm Water Cycle Water Cycle Water Cycle 86 of evaporation from sea surface 14 of atmospheric moisture from EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Less that 3 of Earth s water is on land Over of that is in glacial ice Most of the rest is stored as groundwater some groundwater is saline 78 of precipitation on sea surface 22 of water precipitated falls on land http meted com mesoprim mpradfog print htm Groundwater Surface water Groundwater Water sources in Oregon Precipitation infiltrates Earth s surface Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water Drinking water source for half of U S Groundwater Contributes to stream flow Universal solvent Dissolves some rock types Limestone CaCO3 Salts NaCl KCl Gypsum CaSO4 http www deq state or us wq dwp dwp htm Groundwater Source First becomes soil moisture Plants use it Some evaporates directly Some sinks down Groundwater Terms Groundwater terms diagram Zone of saturation Water table Zone of aeration Infiltration Groundwater is stored Groundwater Storage Porosity of rock Spaces between sand grains Cracks in crystalline rock Dissolved cavities Permeability Groundwater Storage Stored in AQUIFER Porous and permeable rock Trapped by AQUITARD Impermeable rock Clay shale Very slowly Small openings High surface tension Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure Hydraulic gradient Hydraulic head Allows water to move Interconnection of pore spaces Groundwater movement diagram Groundwater Movement Springs Where water table intersects ground surface Photo of cliff springs Carlsbad Caverns Drip stone Soda straws Curtains Angel wings Organ pipes Cave pearls Stalactites Stalagmites Arecibo Puerto Rico Radio Telescope in Sinkhole Karst drainage of manmade lake in Missouri Karst towering buttes http en wikipedia org wiki Yangshuo Thailand Karst Towers http www siue edu GEOGRAPHY ONLINE Gillespie htm Wells Ogallala supported agriculture Wells after drawdown Ogallala Aquifer Exploited in Great Plains agriculture Water table dropped Recharge rate low Hot Springs Geysers Artesian wells San Joaquin Valley subsidence Not able to recover due to aquifer compaction Old Faithful photo Old Faithful webcam link http www nps gov archive yell oldfaithfulcam htm Water heated by hot rock cooling magma Temperature increases solvent capabilities May contain acids from magmatic water Special type of hot spring Pressure of water column suppresses boiling Heat added eventually overcomes pressure Sudden rise of water increase pressure release on rising Geyser Eruption Water Drop Geyser eruption stages http www wested org pblnet exp projects H2O html Contaminated Groundwater Groundwater purification Landfill leachate contamination Agriculture sources of groundwater contamination Drinking Water Standards Parts per Million ppm Change 1 000 000 mg to liters 1 000 000 mg 1 mg 1 000 000 mg 1g 1 mL 1L 1L 1 000 mg 1g 1 000 mL 1 ppm 1 mg 1L Primary sewage treatment Sewage treatment Natural substances in water Impurities in Runoff Contamination of Water Micro organisms Decay products Plant nutrients Petroleum compounds Acid Industry Mining Secondary sewage treatment Organic byproducts in water Atmosphere Dissolved substances Silt etc Radon Drinking water standards Pollution Sources Raw Sewage discharge http www nwri ca sande nov dec 2002 e html Oil pollution Plant nutrient pollution http www na fs fed us SPFO pubs n resource riparianforests Tab 20I htm Mine leachate http www intertanko com tankerfacts sizes pollution htm http www jvkco com digidare water html http www na fs fed us SPFO pubs n resource riparianforests Tab 20I htm Water Pollution http www jvkco com digidare water html http www ew govt nz enviroinfo hscs contam Water Pollution Prevention Agricultural Runoff Drinking water standards
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