CSD 115 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Final ExamLanguage DiversityCulture- Defined as a person’s beliefs and values- Influenced by: geographic region, gender, race and ethnicity- Vocab, non-verbal cues, phonology, morphology, and syntax will vary across all culturesAccent: characteristics of speech or variations in pronunciations of a given language; only found in phonology; part of a dialectDialect: rule governed variant of the language; Standard is used by everyone and non-standard is a small difference that is spoken by others who speak the language; it differs in all 5 domains of languageRegional Dialects- New England and Northeast Region: drop the “r” and add the “r” where is doesn’t belong; semantics differ also (different names for words that are commonly used)- Midwest and Northern Region: drop “ing” becomes just “n”; run words together; big use of idioms- Southern Region: Southern drawl; also different use of semanticsSocial/Cultural Dialects - African American: drop “s” for plurals, lots of verb differences; interruption allowed, greet everyone- Hispanic English: vowel differences; “to be” is usually missing from speech; closeness during speech, usually avoid eye contact when speaking- Asian English: interrupting is discouraged, usually avert eye contact, children are passive- White/Anglo Saxon: Can interrupt in certain situations, one person has the floor, eye contact during speechRegister: language features that characterize a way a person speaks in a specific context (will change from group to group)Code Switching: switching back and forth between registersBoys: play in large groups, argue about rules, brag about skills, focus on gaining status, don’t talk about feelings and emotions; create connections through ritual opposition (teasing)Men: use language to establish independence and status (primary goal); like to give advice but do not like to take it, speak more in public, direct,Girls: play in small groups, share emotions and feelings, want to maintain closeness through trouble talk (tell each other problems and worries)Women: talk to establish rapport and to connect with other people (primary goal); share and are supportive, indirect, discuss problems, speak more in privateSummary of Chapter 6- Culture can be defined as a person’s beliefs and values- Stereotyping is used as a shortcut, but it is a poor strategy for decision making- Eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication that varies across cultures- Early talkers are prized in the majority culture- Difference in dialects are found across the 5 domains of language- Individual cultures have their own language that help bind a group together - A dialect is a speech difference- Speech and language differences are not disordersA&P of Hearing and Hearing DisordersTransduction of Sound: acoustic vibrations in the air into electrical signals within neurons that can be carried to and perceived by the brainOuter Ear- Pinna: collects and funnels sound to the ear canal (external auditory canal)- External Auditory Canal: tube that transmits sound prom the pinna to the middle ear; produces cerumen (ear wax)- Tympanic Membrane: outer ear ends here, converts acoustic energy to mechanical energyMiddle Ear- Air filled space in temporal bone that connects outer and inner ear- Vibrations transferred to ossicles and then to oval window (entrance to the inner ear)- Auditory Ossicleso Malleus (hammer): back side of tympanic membraneo Incus (anvil): connects malleus and stapeso Stapes (stirrup): connects to incus, embedded in oval window- Eustascian Tube: helps keep nair pressure equal to atmosphere, opens when you open your mouth; important for drainage- Retracted Ear Drum: when eustacian tube won’t open, the pressure drops and fluid builds up- Otitis Media: inflammation of the eardrum- Pressure Equalization Tubes: tubes inserted in the ears to allow drainageInner Ear- 2 separate systems with fluid running through both- Semicircular canals: important for balance, movement, determining position in space; not used for hearing- Cochlea: divided into 3 tubes; the oval window converts mechanical energy into fluid energy by the stapes moves in and out of the oval windowo Organ of corti: most important for hearing, end organ of hearing, cilia is bent andthe fluid cause it to move back and forth; shearing action is the action of the cilia bending back and forthSummary of Chapter 11- Sound waves are funneled into ear by the pinna- Sound waves bounce against ear drum- Fluid moves through the cochlea, disturbing the cilia in the organ of corti- Hair cells stimulate the auditory nerve as they move back and forth, neural impulses are interpreted in the brain- Perceptual correlate of intensity is loudness- Acoustic portion of the auditory system is the outer ear- 3 smallest bones make up the ossicles- Hearing loss is conductive and is associated with outer or middle ear- Otitis media results when eustacian tube fails to open to equalize pressure- Inner ear hearing loss is sensori-neural- Presbycusis: hearing loss associated with old ageDisorders of Hearing and their TreatmentHearing Loss- Normal Hearing ranges from 10-15 dB- Conductive: caused by problems in the outer or middle ear by anything that inhibits the transmission of sound; results in the loss of intensityo Atresia of the Ear Canal: canal fails to develop at birth or damaged, no treatmento Blocked Ear Canal: impacted cerumen or foreign objects; removed by audiologisto External Otitis: infection of outer earo Otitis Media: infection and fluid in the inner ear, treated with meds and/or PETo Otosclerosis: spongy bone growth at the oval window, restricts transmission of sound; surgical removal of bone growth- Sensori-Neural: problem in cochlea and/or acoustic nerve; inhibits structures from converting fluid movements into neural impulses; loss of intensity and distortion of frequencies (clarity)o Congenital: born with it, usually genetico Acquired: damage to inner ear after birth; meningitis o Presbycusis: hearing loss associated with agingo Noise induced hearing losso Acoustic Neuroma: tumor on acoustic nerveo Otoxicity: damage to inner ear as a side effect of drugso Meniere’s Disease: unilateral hearing loss, dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus- Mixed: problems in outer/middle ear, but also inner ear and auditory nerveAssessments- Pure Tone Audiometry: