CSD 115 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 16-21Chapter 5: Language Disorders in Children - Receptive Language: ability to understand language- Expressive Language: ability to speak domains of language- Differences: variations of a symbols system used by a group- Delays: development of language in typical order, but at a slower rate- Disorders: producing unusual language forms that aren’t seen in typically developing kids- Language Impairment: can be reflected in spoken, written and gesture formso Developmental: no known biological or cognitive causeo Acquired: impairment that is the result of a health condition, injury, or illness after birth- Assessmento Case History Look for birth complications, medical issues, etc. that might lead to disordero Hearing Evaluation Need to make sure the child can hear test directions and to rule out that is what is causing the language delayo Oral Peripheral Examo Formal Language Testing and Language Sampling Analysis Evaluate 5 domains of language Determine which are impaired Common analysis of semantics is the number of different words analysis (gets measure of word diversity)- Late Talkerso Demonstrate an early delay in language in the absence of cognitive, motor, sensory, social, emotional disorders, or environmental deprivation o Identified around age 2o Delayed onset of speech, delayed acquisition of morphemes and phonemes- Specific Language Impairmentso Language impairment despite intact hearing and nonverbal cognitive function; genetic predispositiono Delayed: motor skills and clumsiness, expressive language, socially awkwardo Diagnosed by ruling out other disorderso 7% of 3-5 year olds- Autism Spectrum Disordero Cause problems with thinking, feeling, language (regression), and ability to relateto otherso 1 in 88 children, 3-4 times more common in boyso Poor pragmatic skills  Poor eye contact, delayed gestures and speech, lack of interest in otherso Echolalia: immediate or delayed repetition of language spoken by someone elseo Unusual prosody patterns: talk really: loud, fast, uneven tone, fast then slow, etco Definitions changed because of misdiagnosis and underdiagnosiso What’s Changed? The new definition eliminated the 4 categories of the disorder and there is now just 1 diagnosis (ASD)- Categories used to include: Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, PDD-NOS, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Now only 2 domains instead of 3- Social communication Impairment- Restricted interest/repetitive behavioro Diagnosis: 3 deficits in social communication and at least 2 in restricted interest- Social Communication Disorder o Deficits in social use of language, but no restricted interest/repetitive behavior- Intellectual Disabilityo Substantial limitation in present functioning and significant substandard intellectual functioning (IQ of 68 or below) and related limitations in 2 or more adaptive areas (communication, social skills, self care, etc)- Down Syndromeo Extra 21st chromosomeo Flat facial profile, short stature, intellectual disability, eye hearing and dental problemso Same sequence of development, but slowero Syntax impaired: poor grammaro Small expressive, good receptive; imprecise speech- At Risk Populationso Prematurity, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to drugs and alcoholo More risk factors present, more likely learning language will be difficultSummary of Chapter 5- Language disorder is an impairment in the form, content, or use of language- A language difference is a variation of a symbol system used by a group (determined by regional, social, or cultural/ethnic factors); noticed in individuals who are trying to learn English as a second language (ESL)- Three types of language differences are ESL, multilingualism (born in the US and learn English second), and dialect (intelligible form of language used with a particular group)- Language impairment can be reflected in oral, written, or gesture formsChapter 7: Neurological Impairment- Aphasia: loss of the ability to comprehend or formulate languageo Typically caused by a strokeo Fluent: normal rate and rhythm of speech, lack meaningful contento Non-fluent: difficulty initiating speech and choppy short utterances with articulatory difficultyo Broca’s Aphasia: Anterior part of the brain damaged Expressive deficit Difficulty in: producing grammatical sentences (agrammatism), naming objects, and reading and comprehensiono Wernicke’s Aphasia: lesions in the upper portion of the temporal lobe Difficulty in comprehending language Jargon (fluent speech, but makes no sense)o Global Aphasia: affects most language areas, nonfunctioning language skills Expressive and comprehensive deficit Stereotypical responses (ok, I’m fine, etc.), jargon, preservations (multipleiterations of a response)- Expressive Language Deficits associated with Aphasiao Anomia: difficulty retrieving and producing words (tip of the tongue)o Paraphasias: sound and word substitutions, but language is fluent and grammatically correct (ex: ask to be handed your clock instead of your watch)o Neologsims: made up words that they believe everyone enderstandso Agrammatism: using telegraphic speech; use important words and leave out the connecting words; effortful short sentenceso Jargon: using real words and made up words, but rate and intonation make it sound like normal speech- Deficits of Comprehension o Agnosia: difficulty identifying semsory informationo Verbal Agnosia: can still hear, speak, read, and write but can’t decode the words that are being said; word deafnesso Visual Agnosia: can read, but can’t make sense of what they just read; word blindness- Deficits in Reading and Writingo Agraphia: inability to write; inability to connect the language areas with the areas that control writingo Alexia: problems associated with reading; used to have normal; reading and writing abilities; most extreme form of alexia is classified as visual agnosia- TBI: sudden trauma to the head or piercing of the skullo Characteristics: headaches, fatigue, sleep problems, memory loss, problems with cognition and attention- Dementia: an impairment of short and long term memory with related changes in abstract thinking, judgment, and personality that causes social impairmento Can lead to dementia: Alzheimer’s disease, pick’s disease (loss of nerve cells in brain), multiple strokes, TBI- Dysarthria: motor speech