CSD 115 1st EditionLecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. Common Language Impaired Problems Continued a. Autism Spectrum Disordersb. Intellectual Disability/Down SyndromeOutline of Current Lecture – Neurological ImpairmentI. Aphasiaa. Definitionb. StrokesII. Expressive Language Deficits Associated with Aphasiaa. Anomiab. Paraphasiasc. Neologismsd. Agrammatisme. JargonIII. Deficits of Comprehension Associated with Aphasiaa. Verbal Agnosiab. Visual AgnosiaIV. Deficits in Reading and Writing Associated with Aphasiaa. Agraphiab. AlexiaV. Broca’s Aphasiaa. CharacteristicsVI. Wernicke’s Aphasiaa. CharacteristicsVII. Global Aphasiaa. Characteristicsb. PreservationsVIII. Traumatic Brain Injurya. Definitionb. CharacteristicsIX. Dementiaa. Definitionb. Disorders that lead to DementiaX. Dysarthiaa. Definitionb. SymptomsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XI. Apraxia of Speecha. Definitionb. CharacteristicsCurrent LectureAphasia- Definition: loss of the ability to comprehend or formulate language; typically associated with neurological damage- Most typically caused by strokes- Strokes are caused by blockages of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain or bleeding around the brainExpressive Language Deficits Associated with Aphasia- Anomia: Difficulty with retrieving and producing wordso Something that is on the tip of the tongue; It is cold, I will wear, um, the thing that keeps me warm (meaning to say hat)- Paraphasias: Sound and word substitutions that are often found in the speech of aphasic patients whose speech and language is fluent and grammatically correcto Substituting sounds- can say where is my sat? (should be saying where is my hat?)o Substituting words- I will eat my soup with a shovel (should be saying I will eat my soup with a spoon)- Neologisms: Words made up by patients with aphasia. They use them as though everyone understands themo Either all of the words will not make sense or only a few of the words make sense- Agrammatism: deficit where articles, conjunctions, and grammatical morphemes might be left out. Effortful; short sentenceso Trying to spit out sentences but it is hardo Will only use important words, like telegraphic speecho Hat no burr (should be saying I don’t have a hat and I am cold)- Jargon: using normal intonation, prosody, and fluent speech and language while stringing together a series of meaningless words that don’t make sense to the listenero Client believes they are saying what they are thinking, but they can’t actually produce the wordso Mumbled or made up wordsDeficits of Comprehension Associated with Aphasia- Verbal Agnosia: word deafness; difficulty identifying spoken wordso Client can hear the words other people say, they just don’t know what they mean; it is like someone is speaking a foreign language to themo They can still hear but they can’t decode the words that are being said- Visual Agnosia: able to read words, but can’t explain, doesn’t know what they have read.o Client can read fluently, but has no idea what the words meano Word blindness: can read but can’t make sense of what they just readDeficits in Reading and Writing Associated with Aphasia- Agraphia - inability to write, not due to weakness, but related to inability to connect the language areas of the brain with the areas that control the ability to write wordso Client will try to write name but it comes out as a scribble, but the client actually thinks he or she wrote their name- Alexia - Problems associated with reading – cannot read o Can’t make sense of what they’ve read, related to visual agnosiaBroca’s Aphasia- What part of the brain is damaged?o Anterior part of the brain, usually anterior to the lower portion of the motor area(Broca’s Area)- The deficit is primarily expressive- Primary Characteristics:o Difficulty producing grammatical sentences; only nouns, verbs, adjectives – (agrammatism - speak like sending a telegraph)o Difficulty naming objectso Difficulty with oral reading and reading comprehension (alexia and visual agnosia)Wernicke’s Aphasia- What part of the brain is damaged?o Upper portion of the temporal lobe (Wernicke’s Area)- The deficit is primarily comprehensive- Viewed as fluent aphasia because the person can talk fluently, but most of the speech is not comprehendible - Primary Characteristics:o Fluent sounding speech, but makes no sense (jargon)o Lots of paraphasias and neologismso Significant comprehension problems (verbal and visual agnosia)Global Aphasia- What part of the brain is damaged?o Most language areas, combination of Wernicke’s Area and Broca’s Area- The deficit is comprehensive and expressive- Primary Characteristics:o Stereotypical expressions in response to any question Saying “I’m fine” in response to any question that is asked, even if it is notrelevant  Can’t understand the question, but they know they need to give a responseo Jargono Perseverations - What are preservations?o Multiple iterations (repetitions) of a responseTraumatic Brain Injury- Define TBI:o A sudden trauma to the head or the piercing of the skull by a foreign object results in a traumatic (sudden and severe) brain injury.- Most TBI patients experience aphasia- Symptoms range from mild to severe and patients may recover.o If patients do recover, there is no going back to their original state- List the characteristics of severe TBIo Headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, memory loss, problems with cognition and attentionDementia- Define Dementia:o An impairment of short- and long-term memory with related changes in abstract thinking, judgment, and personality that causes significant social and occupational impairment- What are the chronic disorders of the brain that lead to dementia?o Picks Disease: loss of nerve cells in frontal lobe, major changes in personality; willlead to death because brain cells are dying off and they do not replenisho Alzheimer’s Disease: Plaques and tangles in the brain; can only be fully diagnosedwith a post-mortem exam of the braino Multiple Strokeso Other brain disorders such as TBIDysarthia- Define Dysarthria o Motor speech disorder caused by damage to the muscles responsible for speech production or the areas of the brain responsible for speech programming.- What are the primary symptoms of